Clofarabine and High-Dose Melphalan Followed by Donor Stem Cell Transplant in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, or Myelodysplastic Syndromes

1. Is the biology right?

• Somatic driver evidence: no · None of RRM1, RRM2B, RRM2 has somatic-mutation evidence in leukemia

  Rule: Open Targets has somatic-mutation evidence for the target in this cancer. Source: Open Targets: RRM1 in leukemia, 2026-11-11
• Human genetic evidence: no · No germline or somatic evidence for RRM1, RRM2B, RRM2 in leukemia

  Rule: Any germline or somatic human genetic evidence for the target in this cancer, counted apart from animal-model and literature evidence. Source: Open Targets: RRM1 in leukemia, 2026-11-11
• Pediatric target: no · Not on the FDA list

  Rule: Target is on FDA's Pediatric Molecular Target List (relevant targets); membership alone neither requires nor waives a study. Source: FDA Pediatric Molecular Target List (Listed as February 2026 on the FDA Pediatric Oncology page; the file served is 9.7.22_the_relevant_molecular_target_list.xlsx, whose Summary of Changes sheet is headed 'SEPTEMBER 2022 UPDATE' (footnote date 2022-09-01)), 2026-11-11
• Haematologic cancer: yes · Haematologic

  Rule: From the indication, or the registry conditions when no indication matches. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00641030, 2026-11-11

  Published context: Likelihood of approval from phase 1: 7.5% haematologic vs 4.6% solid (BIO / Informa / QLS 2021, 2011–2020). Population-level, not a prediction.

• RRM1 (via clofarabine): Evidence types in leukemia: literature, clinical; literature listed separately from human genetics. Datasources: clinical_precedence, europepmc. · Open Targets: RRM1 in leukemia
• RRM2B (via clofarabine): Evidence types in leukemia: literature, clinical; literature listed separately from human genetics. Datasources: clinical_precedence, europepmc. · Open Targets: RRM2B in leukemia
• RRM2 (via clofarabine): Evidence types in leukemia: literature, clinical; literature listed separately from human genetics. Datasources: clinical_precedence, europepmc. · Open Targets: RRM2 in leukemia

• Not loaded on this app yet: Normal-tissue expression in vital organs. Source: Human Protein Atlas (ticket 36).
• Not loaded on this app yet: Pan-essential in cell lines. Source: DepMap (ticket 36).
• Not loaded on this app yet: Approved drug on this target. Source: Drugs@FDA (ticket 30).

2. Can the result be trusted?

• Randomised: no · Single group

  Rule: Registry allocation field. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00641030, 2026-11-11
• Small denominator: yes · 20 enrolled; each patient moves a rate by 100 ÷ 20 = 5.0 points

  Rule: Enrolment under 30; the arithmetic is shown, not a benchmark. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00641030, 2026-11-11
• Primary endpoint is overall survival: no · Maximum tolerated dose; Dose-limiting toxicity as assessed by NCI CTCAE v3.0 and the Modified Bearman scale; Graft failure or rejection

  Rule: A registered primary outcome measure names overall survival. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00641030, 2026-11-11

  Published context: Non-OS primary endpoint: odds ratio 2.79 for a positive phase 3 (Otsuka 2021, 400 phase 3 oncology trials, to 2020). Shown with the next figure: a surrogate is easier to hit, and often a weak guide to survival.

  Published context: 52% of surrogate-to-OS correlations are low (Prasad 2015, published to 2014). Shown with the figure above.
• Results overdue: yes · Primary completion 2011-01-01, 190 months ago; no results posted

  Rule: Primary completion (actual) more than 12 months ago and no results posted to the registry. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00641030, 2026-11-11

  Published context: 40.9% of applicable trials report results within a year (Results-reporting studies summarised in spec §11, all therapy areas). All areas, not oncology only.

• Not loaded on this app yet: Treated and evaluable counts, assessor, confirmed response, follow-up and data cutoff. Source: Readout extraction (ticket 32).
• Not loaded on this app yet: Primary endpoint changed between registry versions. Source: Registry versions in the store (ticket 32).

3. What must it beat?

• Not loaded on this app yet: Control-arm result and approved therapies for the same segment, with label links. Source: Drugs@FDA, FDA labels and readouts (tickets 30, 32).

4. Too crowded, or too late?

• Stopped on this target: 1131 terminated, withdrawn or suspended trials of drugs against RRM1; 6 of the 200 most recent give no reason. Reasons are quoted as the registry gives them on the target page. · RRM1: what already stopped

• Not loaded on this app yet: Programs on the target by phase and months behind the leader. Source: Programs and Drugs@FDA (ticket 33).

5. Can it be approved, and stay approved?

• Single-country: yes · The only site is in United States

  Rule: All listed sites are in one country; the share of US sites is shown. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00641030, 2026-11-11
• EU paediatric investigation plan: no · No EMA paediatric investigation plan decision names clofarabine, melphalan, gene expression analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

  Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
• EU orphan designation: no · No EU orphan designation names clofarabine, melphalan, gene expression analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

  Rule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
• Authorised in the EU: yes · Phelinun: authorised since 16 Nov 2020; Evoltra: authorised since 29 May 2006, exceptional circumstances; Ivozall: withdrawn since 14 Nov 2019

  Rule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
• FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the link

  Rule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
• FDA pediatric oncology approval: yes · Clofarabine [Clolar], 28 Dec 2004: Treatment of pediatric patients 1 to 21 years old with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia after at least two prior regimens

  Rule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-11
• Registered studies open to children: yes · 427 interventional studies of clofarabine, melphalan, gene expression analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction include patients under 18; 66 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or active

  Rule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-11

• Caveat: Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where the sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality.
• Rare pediatric disease voucher: FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. · FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs

• Not loaded on this app yet: Precedent approvals for target, modality and endpoint; accelerated-approval status. Source: Drugs@FDA and FDA accelerated-approval tables (ticket 30).

6. Can the sponsor finish?

• Sponsor: City of Hope Medical Center (academic or other) · ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00641030
• principal investigator: Anthony Stein, MD, City of Hope Medical Center · Person page

• Not loaded on this app yet: Filed cash, quarterly spend and the runway arithmetic. Source: SEC XBRL company facts (ticket 37).
• Not loaded on this app yet: Sponsor's completed vs stopped oncology trials and results-reporting record. Source: Registry, by company (ticket 37).

What public data cannot tell you

Public records cannot show: sales forecasts; a probability of success for this asset; full deal terms and net prices; FDA designations and action dates before approval (shown only as company-reported); clinical holds unless the company disclosed them; manufacturing; patents on unapproved drugs; whether preclinical findings have been replicated.