OncoSignal
Live from Open Targets Platform, fetched 2026-11-11 17:16 UTC. Every row links to its source record.

ADRB1 adrenoceptor beta 1

ENSG00000043591 · protein coding · Open Targets profile

G protein-coupled receptor for catecholamines that couples to G(s) proteins to activate adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent pathway (PubMed:10212248, PubMed:12391161, PubMed:15358775). Binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity (PubMed:33093660). Mediates the activation of Ras via binding with cAMP-dependent RAPGEF2 (PubMed:12391161). As part of the sympathetic nervous system, plays a role in the physiologic regulation of cardiac functions such as stimulation of cardiomyocyte contraction (PubMed:11052857). Also delivers proapoptotic signals in cardiomyocytes (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of sleep/wake behaviors (PubMed:11854867, PubMed:31473062). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P34971, ECO:0000269|PubMed:10212248, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11052857, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11854867, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12391161, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15358775, ECO:0000269|PubMed:31473062, ECO:0000269|PubMed:33093660}.

56 of the 65 drugs recorded against ADRB1 are approved, and 1 more reached Phase 3

Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.

56 small molecule drugs at Approved: BETAXOLOL, PENBUTOLOL, FOSLEVODOPA, EPHEDRINE SULFATE, EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE, DIPIVEFRIN, LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE, CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE, ACEBUTOLOL, LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE, XAMOTEROL, CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE…1 small molecule drug at Phase 3: BUCINDOLOL1 small molecule drug at Phase 2: LY3776047 small molecule drugs at Withdrawn: ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE, METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE, PRONETALOL, DILEVALOL, DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE, PRACTOLOL, EPHEDRINESmall molecule 65Approved 56Phase 3 1Phase 2 1Withdrawn 7

Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

ADRB1: inherited and tumour-mutation evidence across 15 cancers

Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.

Inherited (germline) variantsMutations in tumours (somatic)
00.250.50.751capillary hemangiomacapillary hemangiomahemangiomahemangiomagastric cancergastric cancermalignant colon neoplasmmalignant colon neoplasmcolon carcinomacolon carcinomarectal cancerrectal cancerhead and neck squamous cell carcinomahead and neck squamous cell carcinomabenign muscle neoplasmbenign muscle neoplasmbrain neoplasmbrain neoplasmcapillary infantile hemangiomacapillary infantile hemangiomapapillomapapillomabreast cancerbreast cancerovarian cancerovarian cancerhepatocellular carcinomahepatocellular carcinomaangiosarcomaangiosarcoma

Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

Tractability

Small molecule
Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, Druggable Family
Antibody
GO CC high conf, UniProt loc med conf, UniProt SigP or TMHMM
PROTAC
Small Molecule Binder

gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e – (upper bound –). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.

Who runs trials of these drugs

Principal investigators and study chairs on 233 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against ADRB1 (betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.

94 of 220 trials of drugs against ADRB1 have sites only in countries outside the US, China, Europe and Japan

Registry trials of betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 213 of 220 have all sites in one country.

Sites only in this groupSites here and elsewhere
United StatesUnited States: 51 trials with sites only hereUnited States: 4 trials with sites here and elsewhere55ChinaChina: 19 trials with sites only hereChina: 0 trials with sites here and elsewhere19EuropeEurope: 51 trials with sites only hereEurope: 2 trials with sites here and elsewhere53JapanJapan: 0 trials with sites only hereJapan: 1 trials with sites here and elsewhere1OtherOther: 94 trials with sites only hereOther: 5 trials with sites here and elsewhere99

Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 13 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.

57 trials of drugs against ADRB1 were stopped early; 11 give no reason

Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 57.

  • terminated · 2026-10-28 · Algemeen Ziekenhuis Maria Middelares · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “The planned interim analysis revealed greater variability than expected, requiring a larger sample size. Given the limited eligible population, recruitment was deemed infeasible within a reasonable timeframe, leading to study termination.”
  • withdrawn · 2026-10-28 · Aarhus University Hospital · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    No reason given
  • terminated · 2026-06-15 · Mayo Clinic · Carvedilol
    “slow accrual; insufficient funding to continue to accrue”
  • terminated · 2026-05-13 · Washington University School of Medicine · Carvedilol
    “Futility”
  • withdrawn · 2026-03-19 · Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “The study was withdrawn prior to participant enrollment.”
  • terminated · 2025-12-11 · Hopital Charles Nicolle · Ephedrine (6 mg boluses)
    “the investigators collected the necessary sample size for the internal validity of the study”
  • withdrawn · 2025-09-16 · Alcon Research · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Management decision”
  • withdrawn · 2025-07-23 · Walter Reed Army Medical Center · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Lack of resources and not because of any concern with the safety or effectiveness of the procedures studied.”
  • terminated · 2024-06-03 · Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Poor accrual”
  • terminated · 2024-05-30 · Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Undefined”
  • terminated · 2024-04-16 · University at Buffalo · Carvedilol Controlled Release (CR)
    No reason given
  • terminated · 2023-12-08 · University of Toronto · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “The study was terminated because of low recruitment/enrolment due to multiple reasons, including 1) Elderly population, often with other health issues, thus not being able to commit to all of the follow-up appointments and 2) COVID-19 restrictions.”
  • withdrawn · 2023-05-24 · Mayo Clinic · Carvedilol
    “Administratively closed due to low/no accrual”
  • withdrawn · 2022-10-31 · Azidus Brasil · Loratadine + Pseudoephedrine sulfate
    No reason given
  • suspended · 2022-07-22 · Beijing Chao Yang Hospital · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “There are difficulties in recruiting patients”
  • terminated · 2022-07-05 · University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Funding”
  • withdrawn · 2022-05-24 · YingHsuanTai · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “COVID outbreak in the community”
  • terminated · 2022-04-18 · Shahid Beheshti University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    No reason given
  • withdrawn · 2021-11-05 · University of Alabama at Birmingham · Carvedilol
    “lack of funding”
  • withdrawn · 2021-10-28 · National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) · Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride
    No reason given
  • terminated · 2021-09-24 · West Virginia University · Carvedilol
    “Due to Covid”
  • withdrawn · 2021-07-16 · The Hospital for Sick Children · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Due to funding and Covid-19 pandemic”
  • terminated · 2021-05-27 · Shire · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    No reason given
  • suspended · 2021-05-06 · University of Cape Town · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “COVID and Funding”
  • terminated · 2021-05-05 · Vanderbilt University · Pseudoephedrine + 480 ml water, Pseudoephedrine + 50 ml water
    “funding terminated”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for ADRB1's drugs

For betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.

  • EU paediatric investigation plan: yes · EMEA-001150-PIP02-13-M05 (landiolol hydrochloride, Treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias): PM: decision on the application for modification of an agreed PIP, 14 Jun 2023; compliance positive 31 May 2024; EMEA-001743-PIP01-14 (carvedilol;ivabradine hydrochloride, Treatment of heart failure;Treatment of ischaemic coronary artery disorders): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 7 Aug 2015
    Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • EU orphan designation: yes · EU/3/16/1742 positive 14 Oct 2016: Treatment of Smith-Magenis syndrome
    Rule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA EU/3/16/1742, 2026-11-11
  • Authorised in the EU: no · EMA lists no centrally authorised medicine of betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol
    Rule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the link
    Rule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
  • FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol
    Rule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-11
  • Registered studies open to children: yes · 74 interventional studies of betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol include patients under 18; 6 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or active
    Rule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-11

Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs

All 65 drugs and clinical candidates as a table

Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.

DrugTypeHighest stageIndicationsSource records
BETAXOLOLSmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorder, glaucoma, open-angle glaucomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
PENBUTOLOLSmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
FOSLEVODOPASmall moleculeapprovalParkinson diseaseOpen Targets · ChEMBL
EPHEDRINE SULFATESmall moleculeapprovalhypotensive disorder, asthmaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalNasal congestion, seasonal allergic rhinitis, common cold, asthma, hypotensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
DIPIVEFRINSmall moleculeapprovalglaucomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalglaucomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalocular hypertension, open-angle glaucoma, glaucomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ACEBUTOLOLSmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorder, capillary hemangiomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalatrial flutter, Supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillationOpen Targets · ChEMBL
XAMOTEROLSmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATESmall moleculeapprovalmyocardial infarction, hypertensive disorder, Moderate albuminuria, congestive heart failureOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalcongestive heart failureOpen Targets · ChEMBL
METIPRANOLOLSmall moleculeapprovalopen-angle glaucoma, glaucomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalstroke disorder, hypertensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
OXPRENOLOLSmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalopen-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, hypertensive disorder, glaucomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalVentricular arrhythmia, hypertensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATESmall moleculeapprovalSepsis, acute hypotension, poliomyelitisOpen Targets · ChEMBL
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalmyocardial infarction, kidney failure, congestive heart failure, hypotensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LEVOBUNOLOLSmall moleculeapprovalopen-angle glaucoma, glaucomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
MEPHENTERMINESmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorder, hypotensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LEVOBETAXOLOLSmall moleculeapprovalglaucoma, ocular hypertensionOpen Targets · ChEMBL
CELIPROLOLSmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, Ehlers-Danlos syndromeOpen Targets · ChEMBL
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalatrial fibrillation, Ventricular arrhythmiaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDESmall moleculeapprovalHorner syndromeOpen Targets · ChEMBL
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalcongestive heart failureOpen Targets · ChEMBL
PINDOLOLSmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorder, major depressive disorder, obesity disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalVentricular arrhythmiaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
DROXIDOPASmall moleculephase 4orthostatic hypotension, multiple system atrophy, cardiovascular disorder, primary orthostatic hypotension, orthostatic hypotension 1, Parkinson disease, hypotensive disorder, myalgic encephalomeyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, +16 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
PROPAFENONESmall moleculephase 4cardiac arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, ventricular ectopyOpen Targets · ChEMBL
CARVEDILOLSmall moleculephase 4heart failure, hypertensive disorder, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiovascular disorder, left ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation, esophageal varices, +54 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
METOPROLOL TARTRATESmall moleculephase 4myocardial infarction, hypertensive disorder, angina pectoris, heart failure, stroke disorder, coronary artery disorder, septic shockOpen Targets · ChEMBL
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATESmall moleculephase 4PainOpen Targets · ChEMBL
TIMOLOLSmall moleculephase 4open-angle glaucoma, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, cardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorder, primary angle-closure glaucoma, familial multiple nevi flammei, diabetic foot, +18 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculephase 4migraine disorder, cardiac arrhythmia, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, coronary atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, hypertensive disorder, capillary hemangioma, stroke disorder, +12 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
PROPRANOLOLSmall moleculephase 4cardiovascular disorder, migraine disorder, hemangioma, open-angle glaucoma, myocardial infarction, heart failure, congestive heart failure, Supraventricular tachycardia, +125 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
BISOPROLOL FUMARATESmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, essential hypertension, angina unstable, acute coronary syndromeOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LANDIOLOLSmall moleculephase 4cardiovascular disorder, septic shock, Tachycardia, cardiac arrest, Supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutterOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ATENOLOLSmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, coronary atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, stroke disorder, cardiovascular disorder, open-angle glaucoma, +26 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
TIMOLOL MALEATESmall moleculephase 4open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, glaucoma, corneal edema, capillary hemangioma, hemangioma, low tension glaucoma, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, +4 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
DOPAMINESmall moleculephase 4Parkinson disease, cardiovascular disorder, septic shock, Shock, brain injury, hypotensive disorder, congenital heart disease, Cognitive impairment, +9 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
SOTALOLSmall moleculephase 4cardiovascular disorder, ventricular fibrillation, Sudden death, ventricular tachycardia, cardiac conduction defect, sudden cardiac arrest, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, +5 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
CARTEOLOLSmall moleculephase 4ocular hypertension, cardiovascular disorder, glaucomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
METOPROLOL SUCCINATESmall moleculephase 4heart failure, hypertensive disorder, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, stroke disorder, myocardial infarction, Moderate albuminuria, essential hypertension, +10 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
EPINEPHRINESmall moleculephase 4anaphylaxis, allergic disease, sudden cardiac arrest, asthma, sinusitis, septic shock, glaucoma, allergic rhinitis, +55 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ISOPROTERENOLSmall moleculephase 4cardiovascular disorder, Heart block, Airway obstruction, nephrolithiasis, lipoma, melanoma, acute kidney injury, anorexia nervosa, +1 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
DOBUTAMINESmall moleculephase 4heart failure, cardiovascular disorder, Shock, septic shock, acute lung injury, acute myocardial infarction, Sepsis, perinatal asphyxia, +4 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LABETALOLSmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorder, preeclampsia, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, cocaine dependence, Increased blood pressure, Pain, +5 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NEBIVOLOLSmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorder, aortic aneurysm, Marfan syndrome, Aortic root aneurysm, essential hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, angina pectoris, +10 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ESMOLOLSmall moleculephase 4cardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorder, Tachycardia, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ischemic stroke, brain edema, injury, +17 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NOREPINEPHRINESmall moleculephase 4cardiovascular disorder, Sepsis, major depressive disorder, septic shock, Shock, hepatorenal syndrome, hypotensive disorder, pulmonary hypertension, +36 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NADOLOLSmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke disorder, cardiovascular disorder, capillary hemangioma, asthma, REM sleep behavior disorder, +3 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
METOPROLOLSmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorder, open-angle glaucoma, heart failure, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, obesity disorder, +45 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
BISOPROLOLSmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorder, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, Chagas cardiomyopathy, Tachycardia, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, +28 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
BUCINDOLOLSmall moleculephase 3heart failure, atrial fibrillation, hypertensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LY377604Small moleculephase 2obesity disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculewithdrawalhypertensive disorder, diabetic foot, TachycardiaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculewithdrawal–Open Targets · ChEMBL
PRONETALOLSmall moleculewithdrawal–Open Targets · ChEMBL
DILEVALOLSmall moleculewithdrawal–Open Targets · ChEMBL
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculewithdrawal–Open Targets · ChEMBL
PRACTOLOLSmall moleculewithdrawalcardiovascular disorder, cardiac arrhythmiaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
EPHEDRINESmall moleculewithdrawalobesity disorder, cardiovascular disorder, asthma, Nasal congestion, preeclampsia, hypotensive disorder, chronic kidney disease, Cognitive impairment, +7 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL