ADRB1 adrenoceptor beta 1
ENSG00000043591 · protein coding · Open Targets profile
G protein-coupled receptor for catecholamines that couples to G(s) proteins to activate adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent pathway (PubMed:10212248, PubMed:12391161, PubMed:15358775). Binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity (PubMed:33093660). Mediates the activation of Ras via binding with cAMP-dependent RAPGEF2 (PubMed:12391161). As part of the sympathetic nervous system, plays a role in the physiologic regulation of cardiac functions such as stimulation of cardiomyocyte contraction (PubMed:11052857). Also delivers proapoptotic signals in cardiomyocytes (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of sleep/wake behaviors (PubMed:11854867, PubMed:31473062). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P34971, ECO:0000269|PubMed:10212248, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11052857, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11854867, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12391161, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15358775, ECO:0000269|PubMed:31473062, ECO:0000269|PubMed:33093660}.
Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.
Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.
Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Tractability
- Small molecule
- Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, Druggable Family
- Antibody
- GO CC high conf, UniProt loc med conf, UniProt SigP or TMHMM
- PROTAC
- Small Molecule Binder
gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e – (upper bound –). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.
Who runs trials of these drugs
Principal investigators and study chairs on 233 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against ADRB1 (betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.
- Parag GoyalWeill Medical College of Cornell University · 4 of 4 trials Phase 2+
- Wei-Fen XieShanghai Changzheng Hospital · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Ahmed A AliClinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Ahmed Essam Abou WardaOctober 6 University · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Andrew AmbrosyKaiser Permanente · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Anna Meta D KristensenUniversity Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Areef IshaniMinneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Ari DjatikusumoDepartment of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Ban L SngKK Women's and Children's Hospital · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Ban Leong SngKK Women's and Children's Hospital · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Biykem BozkurtMichael E.DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Borja IbañezCNIC · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Charlotte BAUDUniversity Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Craig SteinbackUniversity of Alberta · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Cristiano SconzaHumanitas Clinical and Research Center · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
Registry trials of betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 213 of 220 have all sites in one country.
Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 13 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.
57 trials of drugs against ADRB1 were stopped early; 11 give no reason
Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 57.
- terminated · 2026-10-28 · Algemeen Ziekenhuis Maria Middelares · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The planned interim analysis revealed greater variability than expected, requiring a larger sample size. Given the limited eligible population, recruitment was deemed infeasible within a reasonable timeframe, leading to study termination.”
- withdrawn · 2026-10-28 · Aarhus University Hospital · matched by the registry's drug synonymsNo reason given
- terminated · 2026-06-15 · Mayo Clinic · Carvedilol“slow accrual; insufficient funding to continue to accrue”
- terminated · 2026-05-13 · Washington University School of Medicine · Carvedilol“Futility”
- withdrawn · 2026-03-19 · Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The study was withdrawn prior to participant enrollment.”
- terminated · 2025-12-11 · Hopital Charles Nicolle · Ephedrine (6 mg boluses)“the investigators collected the necessary sample size for the internal validity of the study”
- withdrawn · 2025-09-16 · Alcon Research · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Management decision”
- withdrawn · 2025-07-23 · Walter Reed Army Medical Center · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Lack of resources and not because of any concern with the safety or effectiveness of the procedures studied.”
- terminated · 2024-06-03 · Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Poor accrual”
- terminated · 2024-05-30 · Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Undefined”
- terminated · 2024-04-16 · University at Buffalo · Carvedilol Controlled Release (CR)No reason given
- terminated · 2023-12-08 · University of Toronto · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The study was terminated because of low recruitment/enrolment due to multiple reasons, including 1) Elderly population, often with other health issues, thus not being able to commit to all of the follow-up appointments and 2) COVID-19 restrictions.”
- withdrawn · 2023-05-24 · Mayo Clinic · Carvedilol“Administratively closed due to low/no accrual”
- withdrawn · 2022-10-31 · Azidus Brasil · Loratadine + Pseudoephedrine sulfateNo reason given
- suspended · 2022-07-22 · Beijing Chao Yang Hospital · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“There are difficulties in recruiting patients”
- terminated · 2022-07-05 · University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Funding”
- withdrawn · 2022-05-24 · YingHsuanTai · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“COVID outbreak in the community”
- terminated · 2022-04-18 · Shahid Beheshti University · matched by the registry's drug synonymsNo reason given
- withdrawn · 2021-11-05 · University of Alabama at Birmingham · Carvedilol“lack of funding”
- withdrawn · 2021-10-28 · National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) · Pseudoephedrine hydrochlorideNo reason given
- terminated · 2021-09-24 · West Virginia University · Carvedilol“Due to Covid”
- withdrawn · 2021-07-16 · The Hospital for Sick Children · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Due to funding and Covid-19 pandemic”
- terminated · 2021-05-27 · Shire · matched by the registry's drug synonymsNo reason given
- suspended · 2021-05-06 · University of Cape Town · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“COVID and Funding”
- terminated · 2021-05-05 · Vanderbilt University · Pseudoephedrine + 480 ml water, Pseudoephedrine + 50 ml water“funding terminated”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for ADRB1's drugs
For betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.
- FDA pediatric target list: no · ADRB1 is not on the listRule: Target is on FDA's Pediatric Molecular Target List (relevant targets). Source: FDA Pediatric Molecular Target List (Listed as February 2026 on the FDA Pediatric Oncology page; the file served is 9.7.22_the_relevant_molecular_target_list.xlsx, whose Summary of Changes sheet is headed 'SEPTEMBER 2022 UPDATE' (footnote date 2022-09-01)), 2026-11-11
- EU paediatric investigation plan: yes · EMEA-001150-PIP02-13-M05 (landiolol hydrochloride, Treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias): PM: decision on the application for modification of an agreed PIP, 14 Jun 2023; compliance positive 31 May 2024; EMEA-001743-PIP01-14 (carvedilol;ivabradine hydrochloride, Treatment of heart failure;Treatment of ischaemic coronary artery disorders): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 7 Aug 2015Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- EU orphan designation: yes · EU/3/16/1742 positive 14 Oct 2016: Treatment of Smith-Magenis syndromeRule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA EU/3/16/1742, 2026-11-11
- Authorised in the EU: no · EMA lists no centrally authorised medicine of betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenolRule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the linkRule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
- FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenolRule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-11
- Registered studies open to children: yes · 74 interventional studies of betaxolol, penbutolol, foslevodopa, ephedrine, dipivefrin, levobunolol, carteolol, acebutolol, landiolol, xamoterol, carvedilol, isoproterenol include patients under 18; 6 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or activeRule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-11
Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs
All 65 drugs and clinical candidates as a table
Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.