OncoSignal
Live from Open Targets Platform, fetched 2026-11-12 06:46 UTC. Every row links to its source record.

GSR glutathione-disulfide reductase

ENSG00000104687 · protein coding · Open Targets profile

Catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH). Constitutes the major mechanism to maintain a high GSH:GSSG ratio in the cytosol. .

1 of the 2 drugs recorded against GSR is approved, and 1 more reached Phase 3

Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.

1 small molecule drug at Approved: CARMUSTINE1 small molecule drug at Phase 3: OXIGLUTATIONESmall molecule 2Approved 1Phase 3 1

Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

GSR: inherited and tumour-mutation evidence across 15 cancers

Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.

Inherited (germline) variantsMutations in tumours (somatic)
00.250.50.751glioblastomaglioblastomaplasma cell myelomaplasma cell myelomaHodgkins lymphomaHodgkins lymphomanon-Hodgkin lymphomanon-Hodgkin lymphomagliomagliomamedulloblastomamedulloblastomaastrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma)astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma)malignant gliomamalignant gliomadiffuse large B-cell lymphomadiffuse large B-cell lymphomaliver cancerliver cancerbrain cancerbrain cancerependymomaependymomaanaplastic astrocytomaanaplastic astrocytomabreast cancerbreast cancermantle cell lymphomamantle cell lymphoma

Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

Tractability

Small molecule
Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, High-Quality Pocket, Druggable Family
PROTAC
Database Ubiquitination, Half-life Data, Small Molecule Binder

gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.8501399755477905 (upper bound 1.0813000202178955). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.

Who runs trials of these drugs

Principal investigators and study chairs on 48 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against GSR (carmustine, oxiglutatione), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.

30 of 44 trials of drugs against GSR have sites only in United States

Registry trials of carmustine, oxiglutatione updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 39 of 44 have all sites in one country.

Sites only in this groupSites here and elsewhere
United StatesUnited States: 30 trials with sites only hereUnited States: 2 trials with sites here and elsewhere32ChinaChina: 4 trials with sites only hereChina: 0 trials with sites here and elsewhere4EuropeEurope: 8 trials with sites only hereEurope: 0 trials with sites here and elsewhere8OtherOther: 0 trials with sites only hereOther: 2 trials with sites here and elsewhere2

Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 4 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.

45 trials of drugs against GSR were stopped early; 4 give no reason

Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of carmustine, oxiglutatione, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 45.

  • terminated · 2026-05-08 · VBI Vaccines Inc. · Carmustine
    “VBI Bankruptcy”
  • withdrawn · 2026-04-01 · Eric Jacobsen, MD · Carmustine
    “Ipsen requested a temporary closure due to a safety concern.”
  • terminated · 2024-12-16 · Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc · Carmustine
    “Upon further consideration of the existing data and the competitive landscape, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc has decided not to pursue the ongoing development of Selinexor in GBM at this time.”
  • terminated · 2024-04-19 · St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “met stopping rules for futility”
  • withdrawn · 2023-01-13 · Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center · Carmustine
    “PI left institution and funding sponsor closed study. Study did not open to accrual, and no participants were enrolled.”
  • terminated · 2023-01-05 · Medical College of Wisconsin · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “lower than anticipated accrual”
  • terminated · 2022-12-12 · Washington University School of Medicine · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Low accrual”
  • terminated · 2022-05-18 · Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center · Carmustine
    “Terminated due to loss in funding.”
  • terminated · 2020-11-23 · Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center · Carmustine
    “Closed early due to lack of funding”
  • terminated · 2020-04-27 · University of California, San Francisco · Carmustine
    “Manufacturing shortage of both Diftitox and Doxil”
  • withdrawn · 2020-01-29 · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · Carmustine
    “Lack of Funding”
  • withdrawn · 2019-11-25 · University of Cincinnati · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “No accrual”
  • withdrawn · 2019-05-10 · Lisata Therapeutics, Inc. · polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant
    “Hoag Hospital ceased support.”
  • terminated · 2019-02-15 · Duke University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Study ended early due to toxicity”
  • withdrawn · 2018-11-20 · Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center · Carmustine
    “Administrative closure prior to any enrollments”
  • terminated · 2018-11-20 · Cedars-Sinai Medical Center · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “The clinical trial was terminated due to poor enrollment”
  • terminated · 2018-06-27 · Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Terminated - due to low accrual”
  • withdrawn · 2018-05-16 · Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center · carmustine
    “Never started”
  • terminated · 2018-05-14 · Stanford University · Carmustine
    “Low accrual”
  • terminated · 2018-04-04 · Western Regional Medical Center · Carmustine
    “PI decision”
  • terminated · 2018-03-12 · City of Hope Medical Center · Carmustine
    “Withdrawal of sponsor support”
  • terminated · 2018-02-14 · Stanford University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Accrual Factor”
  • withdrawn · 2018-01-09 · University of California, Davis · Carmustine
    “Poor Accrual”
  • terminated · 2017-11-29 · Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota · carmustine
    “Withdrawn because treatment guidelines changed”
  • withdrawn · 2017-11-29 · Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota · carmustine
    “Withdrawn because study never enrolled patients”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for GSR's drugs

For carmustine, oxiglutatione: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.

Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs

All 2 drugs and clinical candidates as a table

Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.

DrugTypeHighest stageIndicationsSource records
CARMUSTINESmall moleculeapprovalglioblastoma, glioma, malignant glioma, brain cancer, liver cancer, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, plasma cell myeloma, +59 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
OXIGLUTATIONESmall moleculephase 3non-small cell lung carcinoma, ovarian cancer, myelodysplastic syndromeOpen Targets · ChEMBL