GSR glutathione-disulfide reductase
ENSG00000104687 · protein coding · Open Targets profile
Catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH). Constitutes the major mechanism to maintain a high GSH:GSSG ratio in the cytosol. .
Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.
Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.
Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Tractability
- Small molecule
- Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, High-Quality Pocket, Druggable Family
- PROTAC
- Database Ubiquitination, Half-life Data, Small Molecule Binder
gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.8501399755477905 (upper bound 1.0813000202178955). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.
Who runs trials of these drugs
Principal investigators and study chairs on 48 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against GSR (carmustine, oxiglutatione), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.
- Andrés JM FerreriSan Raffaele H Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Alex F HerreraCity of Hope Medical Center · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Amanda F CashenWashington University School of Medicine · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Andrew B LassmanColumbia University · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Carin GonsalvesThomas Jefferson University · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Charalambos B AndreadisAlliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Daihong LiuChinese PLA General Hospital · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Emanuele ZuccaIOSI, Bellinzona, Switzerland · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Felix KeilHanusch Krankenhaus Wien · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Francisco Diaz-MitomaVariation Biotechnologies Inc. · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- George E. GeorgesNorthwestern University · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Gerald IllerhausUniversity Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Hermine OlivierHôpital Necker-Enfants Malades · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Jeffrey A. CohenMellen Center for MS Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Kami MaddocksOhio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
Registry trials of carmustine, oxiglutatione updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 39 of 44 have all sites in one country.
Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 4 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.
45 trials of drugs against GSR were stopped early; 4 give no reason
Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of carmustine, oxiglutatione, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 45.
- terminated · 2026-05-08 · VBI Vaccines Inc. · Carmustine“VBI Bankruptcy”
- withdrawn · 2026-04-01 · Eric Jacobsen, MD · Carmustine“Ipsen requested a temporary closure due to a safety concern.”
- terminated · 2024-12-16 · Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc · Carmustine“Upon further consideration of the existing data and the competitive landscape, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc has decided not to pursue the ongoing development of Selinexor in GBM at this time.”
- terminated · 2024-04-19 · St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“met stopping rules for futility”
- withdrawn · 2023-01-13 · Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center · Carmustine“PI left institution and funding sponsor closed study. Study did not open to accrual, and no participants were enrolled.”
- terminated · 2023-01-05 · Medical College of Wisconsin · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“lower than anticipated accrual”
- terminated · 2022-12-12 · Washington University School of Medicine · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Low accrual”
- terminated · 2022-05-18 · Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center · Carmustine“Terminated due to loss in funding.”
- terminated · 2020-11-23 · Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center · Carmustine“Closed early due to lack of funding”
- terminated · 2020-04-27 · University of California, San Francisco · Carmustine“Manufacturing shortage of both Diftitox and Doxil”
- withdrawn · 2020-01-29 · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · Carmustine“Lack of Funding”
- withdrawn · 2019-11-25 · University of Cincinnati · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“No accrual”
- withdrawn · 2019-05-10 · Lisata Therapeutics, Inc. · polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant“Hoag Hospital ceased support.”
- terminated · 2019-02-15 · Duke University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Study ended early due to toxicity”
- withdrawn · 2018-11-20 · Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center · Carmustine“Administrative closure prior to any enrollments”
- terminated · 2018-11-20 · Cedars-Sinai Medical Center · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The clinical trial was terminated due to poor enrollment”
- terminated · 2018-06-27 · Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Terminated - due to low accrual”
- withdrawn · 2018-05-16 · Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center · carmustine“Never started”
- terminated · 2018-05-14 · Stanford University · Carmustine“Low accrual”
- terminated · 2018-04-04 · Western Regional Medical Center · Carmustine“PI decision”
- terminated · 2018-03-12 · City of Hope Medical Center · Carmustine“Withdrawal of sponsor support”
- terminated · 2018-02-14 · Stanford University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Accrual Factor”
- withdrawn · 2018-01-09 · University of California, Davis · Carmustine“Poor Accrual”
- terminated · 2017-11-29 · Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota · carmustine“Withdrawn because treatment guidelines changed”
- withdrawn · 2017-11-29 · Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota · carmustine“Withdrawn because study never enrolled patients”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for GSR's drugs
For carmustine, oxiglutatione: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.
- FDA pediatric target list: no · GSR is not on the listRule: Target is on FDA's Pediatric Molecular Target List (relevant targets). Source: FDA Pediatric Molecular Target List (Listed as February 2026 on the FDA Pediatric Oncology page; the file served is 9.7.22_the_relevant_molecular_target_list.xlsx, whose Summary of Changes sheet is headed 'SEPTEMBER 2022 UPDATE' (footnote date 2022-09-01)), 2026-11-11
- EU paediatric investigation plan: no · No EMA paediatric investigation plan decision names carmustine, oxiglutationeRule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- EU orphan designation: yes · EU/3/18/2032 positive 27 Jun 2018: Treatment in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation; EU/3/02/085 withdrawn 5 Mar 2002: Treatment of gliomaRule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- Authorised in the EU: yes · Carmustine medac (previously Carmustine Obvius): authorised since 18 Jul 2018Rule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA EPAR Carmustine medac, 2026-11-11
- FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the linkRule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
- FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of carmustine, oxiglutationeRule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-12
- Registered studies open to children: yes · 66 interventional studies of carmustine, oxiglutatione include patients under 18; 7 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or activeRule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-12
Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs
All 2 drugs and clinical candidates as a table
Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.
| Drug | Type | Highest stage | Indications | Source records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CARMUSTINE | Small molecule | approval | glioblastoma, glioma, malignant glioma, brain cancer, liver cancer, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, plasma cell myeloma, +59 more | Open Targets · ChEMBL |
| OXIGLUTATIONE | Small molecule | phase 3 | non-small cell lung carcinoma, ovarian cancer, myelodysplastic syndrome | Open Targets · ChEMBL |