OncoSignal
Live from Open Targets Platform, fetched 2026-11-11 19:58 UTC. Every row links to its source record.

TGFBR1 transforming growth factor beta receptor 1

ENSG00000106799 · protein coding · Open Targets profile

Transmembrane serine/threonine kinase forming with the TGF- beta type II serine/threonine kinase receptor, TGFBR2, the non- promiscuous receptor for the TGF-beta cytokines TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3. Transduces the TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm and is thus regulating a plethora of physiological and pathological processes including cell cycle arrest in epithelial and hematopoietic cells, control of mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation, wound healing, extracellular matrix production, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis (PubMed:33914044). The formation of the receptor complex composed of 2 TGFBR1 and 2 TGFBR2 molecules symmetrically bound to the cytokine dimer results in the phosphorylation and the activation of TGFBR1 by the constitutively active TGFBR2. Activated TGFBR1 phosphorylates SMAD2 which dissociates from the receptor and interacts with SMAD4. The SMAD2-SMAD4 complex is subsequently translocated to the nucleus where it modulates the transcription of the TGF-beta-regulated genes. This constitutes the canonical SMAD-dependent TGF-beta signaling cascade. Also involved in non-canonical, SMAD-independent TGF-beta signaling pathways. For instance, TGFBR1 induces TRAF6 autoubiquitination which in turn results in MAP3K7 ubiquitination and activation to trigger apoptosis. Also regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition through a SMAD- independent signaling pathway through PARD6A phosphorylation and activation. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15761148, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16754747, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18758450, ECO:0000269|PubMed:33914044, ECO:0000269|PubMed:7774578, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8752209, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8980228, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9346908}.

None of the 2 drugs recorded against TGFBR1 is approved yet; 1 reached Phase 3

Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.

1 small molecule drug at Phase 3: GALUNISERTIB1 small molecule drug at Phase 2: VACTOSERTIBSmall molecule 2Phase 3 1Phase 2 1

Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

In 4 of 15 cancers, the evidence for TGFBR1 comes mainly from inherited variants

Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.

Inherited (germline) variantsMutations in tumours (somatic)
00.250.50.751multiple self-healing squamous epitheli…multiple self-healing squamous epitheliomamultiple self-healing squamous epithelioma: germline 0.86esophageal canceresophageal canceresophageal cancer: somatic 0.44non-small cell lung carcinomanon-small cell lung carcinomaleukoplakia of penisleukoplakia of penisleukoplakia of penis: germline 0.36myelodysplastic syndromemyelodysplastic syndromelip cancerlip cancerlip cancer: germline 0.31squamous cell carcinomasquamous cell carcinomasquamous cell carcinoma: germline 0.25hepatocellular carcinomahepatocellular carcinomabreast cancerbreast cancercolorectal cancercolorectal cancergastric adenocarcinomagastric adenocarcinomamyoepithelial tumormyoepithelial tumormyoepithelial tumor: somatic 0.18melanomamelanomaglioblastomaglioblastomagastric cancergastric cancer

Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

Tractability

Small molecule
Advanced Clinical, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, High-Quality Pocket, Druggable Family
Antibody
UniProt loc high conf, GO CC high conf, UniProt SigP or TMHMM, Human Protein Atlas loc
PROTAC
Literature, UniProt Ubiquitination, Database Ubiquitination, Half-life Data, Small Molecule Binder

gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.36274001002311707 (upper bound 0.5271000266075134). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.

Who runs trials of these drugs

Principal investigators and study chairs on 22 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against TGFBR1 (galunisertib, vactosertib), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.

10 of 21 trials of drugs against TGFBR1 have sites only in United States

Registry trials of galunisertib, vactosertib updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 18 of 21 have all sites in one country.

Sites only in this groupSites here and elsewhere
United StatesUnited States: 10 trials with sites only hereUnited States: 3 trials with sites here and elsewhere13EuropeEurope: 1 trials with sites only hereEurope: 2 trials with sites here and elsewhere3OtherOther: 7 trials with sites only hereOther: 2 trials with sites here and elsewhere9

Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 1 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.

9 trials of drugs against TGFBR1 were stopped early

Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of galunisertib, vactosertib, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 9 most recent of 9.

  • suspended · 2026-07-14 · David Wald · Vactosertib
    “Drugs unavailable”
  • terminated · 2025-12-31 · Chloe Atreya, MD, PhD · Vactosertib
    “Sponsor decision”
  • terminated · 2025-07-02 · Weill Medical College of Cornell University · Vactosertib
    “Low accrual”
  • terminated · 2025-04-02 · Yonsei University · Pembrolizumab, Vactosertib
    “According to the protocol criteria, during the Phase 1 analysis, the registered participants' imaging evaluation responses did not meet the criteria, leading to an early termination”
  • withdrawn · 2024-12-09 · MedPacto, Inc. · Vactosertib(TEW-7197)/ Durvalumab
    “Changing trial strategy”
  • withdrawn · 2024-12-09 · MedPacto, Inc. · Vactosertib
    “Changing trial strategy”
  • terminated · 2024-12-09 · MedPacto, Inc. · Vactosertib 300 mg BID and pembrolizumab 200 mg IV
    “This is because Medpacto decided to modify its development strategy as the business and development environment changed.”
  • terminated · 2019-12-09 · Weill Medical College of Cornell University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “The study was terminated due to lack of patient accrual.”
  • withdrawn · 2019-07-24 · The Netherlands Cancer Institute · Galunisertib
    “No study drug available. Same concept with new study drug will be explored in M19TGA study”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for TGFBR1's drugs

For galunisertib, vactosertib: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.

Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs

All 2 drugs and clinical candidates as a table

Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.

DrugTypeHighest stageIndicationsSource records
GALUNISERTIBSmall moleculephase 2 3arteriosclerosis, non-small cell lung carcinoma, myelodysplastic syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, glioblastoma, breast cancer, rectal cancer, +13 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
VACTOSERTIBSmall moleculephase 2myeloproliferative disorder, urothelial carcinoma, colorectal cancer, anemia, non-small cell lung carcinoma, gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer, +13 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL