THRA thyroid hormone receptor alpha
ENSG00000126351 · protein coding · Open Targets profile
[Isoform Alpha-1]: Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. High affinity receptor for thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12699376, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14673100, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18237438, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19926848}.
Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.
Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.
Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Tractability
- Small molecule
- Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, High-Quality Pocket, Druggable Family
- PROTAC
- Database Ubiquitination, Half-life Data, Small Molecule Binder
gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.28863000869750977 (upper bound 0.45888999104499817). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.
Who runs trials of these drugs
Principal investigators and study chairs on 400 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against THRA (dextrothyroxine, tiratricol, liothyronine, levothyroxine), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.
- Anne R CappolaUniversity of Pennsylvania · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Timothy P RichUniversity of Minnesota · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Abdenour NabidCentre de Recherche Clinique Étienne LeBel/CHUS Fleurimont · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Ahmed M SayedAljazeera (Al Gazeera) hospital · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Alice P ChenNational Cancer Institute (NCI) · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Andrew BauerChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Andrew J. BauerChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Angeliki M StamatouliVirginia Commonwealth University · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Anita SKCCSC(P MamtaniMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Anne R. CappolaUniversity of Pennsylvania · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Brian M IlfeldUCSD Medical Center · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Chantal LAGRESLEInserm Institut Imagine · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Dale BredesenAlzheimer's Prevention and Reversal Project, Inc. · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Daniela A MarconiCentre for Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Italy · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- David H IngbarUniversity of Minnesota · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
Registry trials of dextrothyroxine, tiratricol, liothyronine, levothyroxine updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 360 of 377 have all sites in one country.
Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 23 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.
70 trials of drugs against THRA were stopped early; 9 give no reason
Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of dextrothyroxine, tiratricol, liothyronine, levothyroxine, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 70.
- terminated · 2026-07-23 · Henry Ford Health System · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Lack of financial support”
- terminated · 2026-07-23 · Henry Ford Health System · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Lack of financial support”
- terminated · 2026-07-22 · Mayo Clinic · Liothyronine Sodium“closed early due to poor accrual”
- terminated · 2026-06-26 · IBSA Institut Biochimique SA · Levothyroxine Sodium“Inability to recruit subjects”
- terminated · 2026-06-08 · University Hospital, Strasbourg, France · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“inclusion challenges”
- terminated · 2026-03-16 · Gaia AG · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“An unplanned interim futility analysis was initiated due to differential dropout and participant feedback. The probability of achieving the pre-specified effect size was very low, and following DSMB review, the trial was terminated early.”
- terminated · 2026-03-13 · Centre Oscar Lambret · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Lack of patient enrollment”
- withdrawn · 2026-02-10 · University of Minnesota · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Duplicate record to NCT04115514”
- terminated · 2025-12-19 · University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The treatment landscape changed and hence unable to recruit patients undergoing only anti-angiogenic treatment.”
- terminated · 2025-12-04 · Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Departure of the principal investigator”
- terminated · 2025-10-31 · Dana-Farber Cancer Institute · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“In agreement with the drug sponsor and the institution, the trial has been terminated due to slow accrual.”
- withdrawn · 2025-06-25 · Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“study never started”
- terminated · 2024-12-10 · University Hospital, Grenoble · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The clinical trial is finished”
- terminated · 2024-09-19 · Boehringer Ingelheim · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Due to company decision.”
- withdrawn · 2024-09-19 · VA Office of Research and Development · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Lack of recruitment”
- terminated · 2024-06-28 · University of Miami · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Due to an enrollment strategy change”
- suspended · 2023-11-30 · The University of Hong Kong · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Due to lack of funding source, the main trial has been suspended. The research team is looking for funding source to recover the trial.”
- withdrawn · 2023-10-10 · London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Study site was unable to proceed with recruitment”
- terminated · 2023-09-13 · Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City · Liquid stable levothyroxine (L-T4) Tirosint-SOL, Oral tablet levothyroxine (L-T4)“Transitioned to multi site study with sponsor”
- terminated · 2023-04-10 · University of California, Los Angeles · Levothyroxine Tablet, Levothyroxine Sodium“Sponsor terminated study low accrual numbers”
- withdrawn · 2023-02-21 · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · levothyroxine“Lack of accrual”
- terminated · 2022-12-16 · AstraZeneca · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Due to the limited potential patients pool, the enrollment goal could not be achieved. After review and communication, the decision to teminate study was made.”
- withdrawn · 2022-12-02 · Emory University · Liothyronine“Per the PI-slow accrual”
- withdrawn · 2022-07-13 · University of Alberta · LevothyroxineNo reason given
- withdrawn · 2022-07-08 · Albert Einstein College of Medicine · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Closed by PI prior to approval”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for THRA's drugs
For dextrothyroxine, tiratricol, liothyronine, levothyroxine: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.
- FDA pediatric target list: no · THRA is not on the listRule: Target is on FDA's Pediatric Molecular Target List (relevant targets). Source: FDA Pediatric Molecular Target List (Listed as February 2026 on the FDA Pediatric Oncology page; the file served is 9.7.22_the_relevant_molecular_target_list.xlsx, whose Summary of Changes sheet is headed 'SEPTEMBER 2022 UPDATE' (footnote date 2022-09-01)), 2026-11-11
- EU paediatric investigation plan: yes · EMEA-002259-PIP01-17 (Levothyroxine (sodium), Treatment of benign thyroid nodules;Treatment of goitre;Treatment of hypothyroidism): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 16 Mar 2018Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA EMEA-002259-PIP01-17, 2026-11-11
- EU orphan designation: yes · EU/3/17/1945 positive 12 Oct 2017: Treatment of Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome; EU/3/22/2603 positive 13 Apr 2022: Treatment of resistance to thyroid hormone type betaRule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- Authorised in the EU: yes · Emcitate: authorised since 12 Feb 2025, orphan medicineRule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA EPAR Emcitate, 2026-11-11
- FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the linkRule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
- FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of dextrothyroxine, tiratricol, liothyronine, levothyroxineRule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-12
- Registered studies open to children: yes · 165 interventional studies of dextrothyroxine, tiratricol, liothyronine, levothyroxine include patients under 18; 40 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or activeRule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-12
Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs
All 7 drugs and clinical candidates as a table
Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.