OncoSignal
Live from Open Targets Platform, fetched 2026-11-11 15:25 UTC. Every row links to its source record.

KRAS KRas proto-oncogene, GTPase

ENSG00000133703 · protein coding · Open Targets profile

Signal transducer in the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway that regulates cell proliferation and survival (PubMed:22711838, PubMed:23698361). Ras proteins bind GDP/GTP and possess intrinsic GTPase activity (PubMed:20949621, PubMed:39809765). Activates MAPK1/MAPK3 resulting in phosphorylation and ultimately degradation of GJA1 (By similarity). Plays a role in promoting oncogenic events by inducing transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in a ZNF304-dependent manner (PubMed:24623306). Recognized by LZTR1 that mediates its ubiquitination by a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (PubMed:40934300). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P08644, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20949621, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22711838, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23698361, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24623306, ECO:0000269|PubMed:39809765, ECO:0000269|PubMed:40934300}.

2 of the 3 drugs recorded against KRAS are approved

Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.

2 small molecule drugs at Approved: SOTORASIB, ADAGRASIB1 small molecule drug at Phase 2: SALIRASIBSmall molecule 3Approved 2Phase 2 1

Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

In 10 of 15 cancers, the evidence for KRAS comes mainly from inherited variants

Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.

Inherited (germline) variantsMutations in tumours (somatic)
00.250.50.751non-small cell lung carcinomanon-small cell lung carcinomanon-small cell lung carcinoma: somatic 0.84gastric cancergastric cancergastric cancer: somatic 0.68gastric cancer: germline 0.90acute myeloid leukemiaacute myeloid leukemiaacute myeloid leukemia: somatic 0.79acute myeloid leukemia: germline 0.80linear nevus sebaceous syndromelinear nevus sebaceous syndromelinear nevus sebaceous syndrome: somatic 0.73linear nevus sebaceous syndrome: germline 0.81lung adenocarcinomalung adenocarcinomalung adenocarcinoma: somatic 0.82urinary bladder cancerurinary bladder cancerurinary bladder cancer: somatic 0.79urinary bladder cancer: germline 0.83autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome…autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 4autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 4: somatic 0.56autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 4: germline 0.88juvenile myelomonocytic leukemiajuvenile myelomonocytic leukemiajuvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: somatic 0.72juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: germline 0.75colorectal adenocarcinomacolorectal adenocarcinomacolorectal adenocarcinoma: somatic 0.86familial pancreatic carcinomafamilial pancreatic carcinomafamilial pancreatic carcinoma: somatic 0.68familial pancreatic carcinoma: germline 0.86plasma cell myelomaplasma cell myelomaplasma cell myeloma: somatic 0.77lung cancerlung cancerlung cancer: somatic 0.58lung cancer: germline 0.80urinary bladder carcinomaurinary bladder carcinomaurinary bladder carcinoma: somatic 0.64urinary bladder carcinoma: germline 0.83arteriovenous malformations of the brainarteriovenous malformations of the brainarteriovenous malformations of the brain: somatic 0.76arteriovenous malformations of the brain: germline 0.83pancreatic adenocarcinomapancreatic adenocarcinomapancreatic adenocarcinoma: somatic 0.80

Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

Tractability

Small molecule
Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand
Antibody
UniProt loc high conf, GO CC high conf
PROTAC
Literature, UniProt Ubiquitination, Database Ubiquitination, Half-life Data, Small Molecule Binder

gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.047724999487400055 (upper bound 0.2264000028371811). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.

Who runs trials of these drugs

Principal investigators and study chairs on 92 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against KRAS (sotorasib, adagrasib, salirasib), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.

45 of 90 trials of drugs against KRAS have sites only in United States

Registry trials of sotorasib, adagrasib, salirasib updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 52 of 90 have all sites in one country.

Sites only in this groupSites here and elsewhere
United StatesUnited States: 45 trials with sites only hereUnited States: 31 trials with sites here and elsewhere76ChinaChina: 0 trials with sites only hereChina: 8 trials with sites here and elsewhere8EuropeEurope: 11 trials with sites only hereEurope: 26 trials with sites here and elsewhere37JapanJapan: 0 trials with sites only hereJapan: 13 trials with sites here and elsewhere13OtherOther: 1 trials with sites only hereOther: 27 trials with sites here and elsewhere28

Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 2 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.

23 trials of drugs against KRAS were stopped early

Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of sotorasib, adagrasib, salirasib, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 23 most recent of 23.

  • terminated · 2026-09-08 · Incyte Corporation · adagrasib
    “This was a strategic business decision. There were no safety concerns contributing to this decision.”
  • terminated · 2026-09-02 · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Sotorasib
    “Study closed by Amgen due to lack of enrollment”
  • terminated · 2026-07-13 · Amgen · Sotorasib
    “Futility”
  • terminated · 2026-04-22 · Ningbo Newbay Technology Development Co., Ltd · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Development change”
  • terminated · 2026-04-09 · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · Adagrasib
    “Sponsor discontinued the trial”
  • terminated · 2026-04-08 · Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, LLC · Sotorasib
    “Trial terminated due to business decision, not based on any safety or efficacy concerns.”
  • terminated · 2026-02-19 · Mirati Therapeutics Inc. · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “business objectives have changed”
  • terminated · 2025-12-16 · Medical University of South Carolina · Sotorasib and Tarloxotinib
    “Study drug was discontinued by manufacturer for business reasons.”
  • withdrawn · 2025-09-15 · Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins · Adagrasib, Adagrasib/Nivolumab
    “no participants enrolled across sites”
  • withdrawn · 2025-07-25 · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “No participants enrolled”
  • terminated · 2025-07-22 · Bristol-Myers Squibb · Adagrasib
    “Business objectives have changed”
  • terminated · 2025-05-29 · Sanofi · Adagrasib
    “Sponsor's decision not related to any safety concern”
  • terminated · 2025-05-01 · Vitrac Therapeutics, LLC · sotorasib
    “Sponsor decision”
  • terminated · 2025-04-25 · Mirati Therapeutics Inc. · Adagrasib
    “Business objectives have changed”
  • terminated · 2024-12-16 · Mirati Therapeutics Inc. · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “The decision was made to terminate this study to further enrollment, as of 08 March 2022. The decision was made primarily due to a change in development strategy.”
  • terminated · 2024-12-12 · Navire Pharma Inc., a BridgeBio company · sotorasib
    “Business Reasons”
  • withdrawn · 2024-11-20 · ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation · Sotorasib
    “In view of the recent developments in the field (the increasing number of trials with new KRAS inhibitors), the window of opportunity to answer the question raised in the AMBER trial was missed.”
  • withdrawn · 2024-04-12 · Amgen · Sotorasib
    “FDA and EMA agreed existing data are appropriate for approval and no further BE studies are required.”
  • withdrawn · 2024-03-29 · NYU Langone Health · Sotorasib
    “Study record has been combined with NCT05815173 (Phase I/II study).”
  • withdrawn · 2024-01-23 · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · Adagrasib
    “0 participant accrual”
  • withdrawn · 2023-10-18 · Criterium, Inc. · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Lack of enrollment”
  • withdrawn · 2023-07-17 · Fox Chase Cancer Center · Sotorasib, 960 mg, oral daily dose for 4 weeks (28 days)
    “Grantor withdrew support due to slow accrual”
  • withdrawn · 2023-05-11 · Devalingam Mahalingam · Sotorasib
    “Funder Decision”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for KRAS's drugs

For sotorasib, adagrasib, salirasib: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.

  • EU paediatric investigation plan: yes · EMEA-002690-PIP02-22 (sotorasib, Treatment of colorectal carcinoma): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 10 Mar 2024; EMEA-003068-PIP01-21 (adagrasib, Treatment of all solid and haematological malignancies): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 3 Dec 2021
    Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • EU orphan designation: yes · EU/3/11/871 withdrawn 21 Jun 2011: Treatment of pancreatic cancer
    Rule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA EU/3/11/871, 2026-11-11
  • Authorised in the EU: yes · Krazati: authorised since 5 Jan 2024, conditional; Lumykras: authorised since 6 Jan 2022, conditional
    Rule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the link
    Rule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
  • FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of sotorasib, adagrasib, salirasib
    Rule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-11
  • Registered studies open to children: yes · 2 interventional studies of sotorasib, adagrasib, salirasib include patients under 18; 2 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or active
    Rule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-11

Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs

All 3 drugs and clinical candidates as a table

Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.

DrugTypeHighest stageIndicationsSource records
SOTORASIBSmall moleculeapprovalnon-small cell lung carcinoma, neoplasm, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell squamous lung carcinoma, breast cancer, pancreatic neoplasm, endometrial cancer, +9 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ADAGRASIBSmall moleculeapprovalnon-small cell lung carcinoma, neoplasm, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, biliary tract cancer, pancreatic neoplasm, +2 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
SALIRASIBSmall moleculephase 2lung cancer, non-small cell lung carcinoma, pancreatic neoplasm, malignant pancreatic neoplasmOpen Targets · ChEMBL