OncoSignal
Live from Open Targets Platform, fetched 2026-11-12 09:21 UTC. Every row links to its source record.

ROCK2 Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2

ENSG00000134318 · protein coding · Open Targets profile

Protein kinase which is a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton and cell polarity. Involved in regulation of smooth muscle contraction, actin cytoskeleton organization, stress fiber and focal adhesion formation, neurite retraction, cell adhesion and motility via phosphorylation of ADD1, BRCA2, CNN1, EZR, DPYSL2, EP300, MSN, MYL9/MLC2, NPM1, RDX, PPP1R12A and VIM. Phosphorylates SORL1 and IRF4. Acts as a negative regulator of VEGF-induced angiogenic endothelial cell activation. Positively regulates the activation of p42/MAPK1- p44/MAPK3 and of p90RSK/RPS6KA1 during myogenic differentiation. Plays an important role in the timely initiation of centrosome duplication. Inhibits keratinocyte terminal differentiation. May regulate closure of the eyelids and ventral body wall through organization of actomyosin bundles. Plays a critical role in the regulation of spine and synaptic properties in the hippocampus. Plays an important role in generating the circadian rhythm of the aortic myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity and vascular contractility by modulating the myosin light chain phosphorylation. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10579722, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15699075, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16574662, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17015463, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19131646, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19997641, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21084279, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21147781}.

7 of the 13 drugs recorded against ROCK2 are approved, and 1 more reached Phase 3

Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.

7 small molecule drugs at Approved: FASUDIL, RIPASUDIL HYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE, BELUMOSUDIL MESYLATE, RIPASUDIL, BELUMOSUDIL, NETARSUDIL, NETARSUDIL DIMESYLATE3 small molecule drugs at Phase 2: SAR-407899, VEROSUDIL, Y-399831 small molecule drug at Phase 1: AT-131481 unknown drug at Phase 3: AMA00761 unknown drug at Phase 2: DE-104Small molecule 11Unknown 2Approved 7Phase 3 1Phase 2 4Phase 1 1

Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

In 2 of 15 cancers, the evidence for ROCK2 comes mainly from inherited variants

Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.

Inherited (germline) variantsMutations in tumours (somatic)
00.250.50.751basal cell carcinomabasal cell carcinomabasal cell carcinoma: germline 0.56uterine corpus leiomyomauterine corpus leiomyomauterine corpus leiomyoma: germline 0.48hepatocellular carcinomahepatocellular carcinomanon-small cell lung carcinomanon-small cell lung carcinomaosteosarcomaosteosarcomagliomagliomacentral nervous system cancercentral nervous system cancerbreast cancerbreast cancercholangiocarcinomacholangiocarcinomabreast carcinomabreast carcinomarenal cell carcinomarenal cell carcinomaurinary bladder carcinomaurinary bladder carcinomaurinary bladder cancerurinary bladder cancerdiffuse large B-cell lymphomadiffuse large B-cell lymphomaaneurysmal bone cystaneurysmal bone cyst

Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

Tractability

Small molecule
Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, Druggable Family
Antibody
UniProt loc med conf, GO CC med conf
PROTAC
Database Ubiquitination, Half-life Data, Small Molecule Binder

gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.31273001432418823 (upper bound 0.38703998923301697). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.

Who runs trials of these drugs

Principal investigators and study chairs on 59 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against ROCK2 (fasudil, ripasudil hydrochloride dihydrate, belumosudil, ripasudil, netarsudil, AMA0076, DE-104, SAR-407899, verosudil), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.

31 of 55 trials of drugs against ROCK2 have sites only in United States

Registry trials of fasudil, ripasudil hydrochloride dihydrate, belumosudil, ripasudil, netarsudil, AMA0076, DE-104, SAR-407899, verosudil updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 44 of 55 have all sites in one country.

Sites only in this groupSites here and elsewhere
United StatesUnited States: 31 trials with sites only hereUnited States: 9 trials with sites here and elsewhere40ChinaChina: 7 trials with sites only hereChina: 3 trials with sites here and elsewhere10EuropeEurope: 5 trials with sites only hereEurope: 6 trials with sites here and elsewhere11JapanJapan: 0 trials with sites only hereJapan: 2 trials with sites here and elsewhere2OtherOther: 3 trials with sites only hereOther: 9 trials with sites here and elsewhere12

Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 4 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.

9 trials of drugs against ROCK2 were stopped early

Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of fasudil, ripasudil hydrochloride dihydrate, belumosudil, ripasudil, netarsudil, AMA0076, DE-104, SAR-407899, verosudil, Y-39983, AT-13148, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 9 most recent of 9.

  • suspended · 2026-10-16 · Northside Hospital, Inc. · Belumosudil
    “Lack of funding and slow accrual”
  • withdrawn · 2026-02-12 · Kadmon, a Sanofi Company · Belumosudil
    “Sponsor decision.”
  • terminated · 2024-12-12 · Kadmon, a Sanofi Company · Belumosudil (KD025)
    “The sponsor has decided to prematurely terminate the study due to the challenges encountered in recruiting adolescent participants. This decision was made without any safety concerns.”
  • terminated · 2023-08-30 · Kadmon, a Sanofi Company · Belumosudil (KD025)
    “Sponsor decision due to slow enrollment and strategic consideration; not driven by any safety concerns.”
  • terminated · 2023-06-05 · Kadmon, a Sanofi Company · Belumosudil
    “Sponsor decision due to slow enrollment and strategic consideration; not driven by any safety concerns.”
  • terminated · 2023-02-06 · Price Vision Group · Netarsudil
    “variance of outcome measures was substantially greater than anticipated in the statistical plan”
  • withdrawn · 2022-03-31 · University of California, San Diego · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Due to COVID-19 related restrictions it was decided to close this study”
  • terminated · 2022-03-24 · Sanofi · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “(Recruitment was early terminated due to slow recruitment. Not linked to any safety concern.)”
  • terminated · 2017-03-29 · Brigham and Women's Hospital · Fasudil Hydrochloride
    “Slow enrollment”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for ROCK2's drugs

For fasudil, ripasudil hydrochloride dihydrate, belumosudil, ripasudil, netarsudil, AMA0076, DE-104, SAR-407899, verosudil, Y-39983, AT-13148: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.

  • EU paediatric investigation plan: yes · EMEA-003425-PIP02-23 (belumosudil, Treatment of chronic lung allograft dysfunction): P: decision agreeing on a investigation plan, with or without partial waiver(s) and or deferral(s), 13 Sept 2024; EMEA-003425-PIP01-23 (belumosudil, Treatment of graft versus host disease): P: decision agreeing on a investigation plan, with or without partial waiver(s) and or deferral(s), 8 Mar 2024; EMEA-002841-PIP01-20 (fasudil hydrochloride, Treatment of non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 1 Dec 2020; EMEA-002676-PIP01-19 (ripasudil, Treatment of corneal dystrophy): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 10 Feb 2020; +2 more
    Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • EU orphan designation: yes · EU/3/19/2205 positive 17 Oct 2019: Treatment of graft-versus-host disease; EU/3/23/2789 positive 20 Jun 2023: Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; EU/3/21/2559 positive 14 Jan 2022: Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; EU/3/20/2300 positive 27 Jul 2020: Treatment of non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage
    Rule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • Authorised in the EU: yes · Rhokiinsa: authorised since 19 Nov 2019; Roclanda: authorised since 7 Jan 2021; Rezurock: authorised since 24 Mar 2026, orphan medicine, conditional
    Rule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the link
    Rule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
  • FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of fasudil, ripasudil hydrochloride dihydrate, belumosudil, ripasudil, netarsudil, ama0076, de-104, sar-407899, verosudil, y-39983, at-13148
    Rule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-12
  • Registered studies open to children: yes · 15 interventional studies of fasudil, ripasudil hydrochloride dihydrate, belumosudil, ripasudil, netarsudil, ama0076, de-104, sar-407899, verosudil, y-39983, at-13148 include patients under 18; 7 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or active
    Rule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-12

Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs

All 13 drugs and clinical candidates as a table

Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.

DrugTypeHighest stageIndicationsSource records
FASUDILSmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, eye disorder, macular retinal edema, retinopathy of prematurity, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, corticobasal syndrome, +3 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
RIPASUDIL HYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATESmall moleculeapprovalglaucoma, ocular hypertension, open-angle glaucoma, Fuchs' endothelial dystrophyOpen Targets · ChEMBL
BELUMOSUDIL MESYLATESmall moleculeapprovalgraft versus host disease, autoimmune diseaseOpen Targets · ChEMBL
RIPASUDILSmall moleculeapprovalglaucoma, Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, cataract, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal edemaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
BELUMOSUDILSmall moleculephase 4graft versus host disease, immune system disorder, chronic lung allograft dysfunction, psoriasis vulgaris, rheumatoid arthritis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic graft versus host disease, diffuse scleroderma, +7 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NETARSUDILSmall moleculephase 4open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, glaucoma, Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, corneal edemaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NETARSUDIL DIMESYLATESmall moleculephase 4open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertensionOpen Targets · ChEMBL
AMA0076Unknownphase 3open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, low tension glaucomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
DE-104Unknownphase 2open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertensionOpen Targets · ChEMBL
SAR-407899Small moleculephase 2diabetic kidney disease, erectile dysfunction, angina pectoris, chronic kidney diseaseOpen Targets · ChEMBL
VEROSUDILSmall moleculephase 2glaucoma, ocular hypertension, open-angle glaucoma, exfoliation syndrome, angle-closure glaucomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
Y-39983Small moleculephase 1 2–Open Targets · ChEMBL
AT-13148Small moleculephase 1cancerOpen Targets · ChEMBL