OncoSignal
Live from Open Targets Platform, fetched 2026-11-11 21:22 UTC. Every row links to its source record.

CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C

ENSG00000151067 · protein coding · Open Targets profile

Pore-forming, alpha-1C subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel that gives rise to L-type calcium currents (PubMed:12181424, PubMed:15454078, PubMed:15863612, PubMed:16299511, PubMed:17224476, PubMed:20953164, PubMed:23677916, PubMed:24728418, PubMed:26253506, PubMed:27218670, PubMed:29078335, PubMed:29742403, PubMed:30023270, PubMed:30172029, PubMed:34163037, PubMed:8099908). Mediates influx of calcium ions into the cytoplasm, and thereby triggers calcium release from the sarcoplasm (By similarity). Plays an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. Required for normal heart development and normal regulation of heart rhythm (PubMed:15454078, PubMed:15863612, PubMed:17224476, PubMed:24728418, PubMed:26253506). Required for normal contraction of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels and in the intestine. Essential for normal blood pressure regulation via its role in the contraction of arterial smooth muscle cells (PubMed:28119464). Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group (Probable). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15381, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12181424, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15454078, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15863612, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16299511, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17224476, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20953164, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23677916, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24728418, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25260352, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25633834, ECO:0000269|PubMed:26253506, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27218670, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28119464, ECO:0000269|PubMed:29078335, ECO:0000269|PubMed:29742403, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30023270, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30172029, ECO:0000269|PubMed:31430211, ECO:0000269|PubMed:34163037, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8099908, ECO:0000305}.

30 of the 41 drugs recorded against CACNA1C are approved, and 1 more reached Phase 3

Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.

30 small molecule drugs at Approved: NILVADIPINE, MANIDIPINE 6300, BARNIDIPINE, NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE, VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE, BENIDIPINE, LEVAMLODIPINE MALEATE, CINNARIZINE, BEPRIDIL, DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE, DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE, PHLOROGLUCINOL…1 small molecule drug at Phase 3: IMAGABALIN2 small molecule drugs at Phase 2: AZD1305, ATAGABALIN1 small molecule drug at Phase 1: ELPETRIGINE7 small molecule drugs at Withdrawn: DRONEDARONE, AMLODIPINE BESYLATE, AMLODIPINE, PREGABALIN, TERODILINE, TERODILINE HYDROCHLORIDE, SULOCTIDILSmall molecule 41Approved 30Phase 3 1Phase 2 2Phase 1 1Withdrawn 7

Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

In 2 of 8 cancers, the evidence for CACNA1C comes mainly from inherited variants

Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.

Inherited (germline) variantsMutations in tumours (somatic)
00.250.50.751nasopharyngeal carcinomanasopharyngeal carcinomabreast cancerbreast cancerprostate cancerprostate cancerovarian neoplasmovarian neoplasmovarian neoplasm: germline 0.35male reproductive organ cancermale reproductive organ cancermale reproductive organ cancer: germline 0.31hepatocellular carcinomahepatocellular carcinomabreast ductal adenocarcinomabreast ductal adenocarcinomabreast ductal adenocarcinoma: somatic 0.18non-small cell lung carcinomanon-small cell lung carcinoma

Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

Tractability

Small molecule
Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, Druggable Family
Antibody
UniProt loc high conf, GO CC high conf, UniProt loc med conf, UniProt SigP or TMHMM
PROTAC
Half-life Data, Small Molecule Binder

gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.13101999461650848 (upper bound 0.17770999670028687). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.

Who runs trials of these drugs

Principal investigators and study chairs on 122 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against CACNA1C (nilvadipine, manidipine 6300, barnidipine, nicardipine, verapamil, benidipine, levamlodipine, cinnarizine, bepridil, diltiazem, dronedarone, phloroglucinol), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.

40 of 113 trials of drugs against CACNA1C have sites only in United States

Registry trials of nilvadipine, manidipine 6300, barnidipine, nicardipine, verapamil, benidipine, levamlodipine, cinnarizine, bepridil, diltiazem, dronedarone, phloroglucinol updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 108 of 113 have all sites in one country.

Sites only in this groupSites here and elsewhere
United StatesUnited States: 40 trials with sites only hereUnited States: 1 trials with sites here and elsewhere41ChinaChina: 13 trials with sites only hereChina: 0 trials with sites here and elsewhere13EuropeEurope: 27 trials with sites only hereEurope: 2 trials with sites here and elsewhere29OtherOther: 31 trials with sites only hereOther: 2 trials with sites here and elsewhere33

Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 9 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.

47 trials of drugs against CACNA1C were stopped early; 5 give no reason

Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of nilvadipine, manidipine 6300, barnidipine, nicardipine, verapamil, benidipine, levamlodipine, cinnarizine, bepridil, diltiazem, dronedarone, phloroglucinol, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 47.

  • suspended · 2026-10-27 · University of California, Irvine · Verapamil
    “Enrollment temporarily paused pending IRB continuing review; recruitment expected to resume.”
  • terminated · 2026-09-24 · HB BioTech, LLC · Verapamil Only Product in Oral Dose Form
    “Decision to terminate study due to a lack of efficacy in this study population. There were no safety concerns identified that contributed to this decision.”
  • terminated · 2026-09-10 · CAMC Health System · Diltiazem
    “Low enrollment and PI retired.”
  • terminated · 2025-10-30 · Tulane University School of Medicine · dronedarone 400 mg Oral Tablet
    “Sponsor withdrew funding”
  • terminated · 2025-09-22 · Viatris Innovation GmbH · Diltiazem ER
    “Based on results from the pilot phase, the study is terminated. No safety events leading to discontinuation were reported”
  • terminated · 2025-05-11 · Peng Roc Chen, MD · Nicardipine, Verapamil, Nicardipine + Verapamil + Nitroglycerin
    “Slow enrollment”
  • terminated · 2025-02-25 · Stanford University · Diltiazem
    “Low recruitment, insufficient funding”
  • terminated · 2025-02-06 · Atrial Fibrillation Network · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “following a recommendation from the data safety and monitoring board due to safety concerns and a tendency towards futility.”
  • withdrawn · 2024-10-24 · Stephen Ruedrich · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Not funded”
  • withdrawn · 2024-04-26 · Thomas Jefferson University · Nicardipine
    “This study was planned, but recruitment and enrollment never began.”
  • terminated · 2023-07-18 · Seoul National University Hospital · Amiodarone, diltiazem or esmolol
    “Study enrollment too slow, 1 over 6 months”
  • withdrawn · 2023-05-26 · Hospices Civils de Lyon · DILTIAZEM TEVA 60 mg or placebo
    “the epidemiological situation has changed considerably.”
  • terminated · 2023-02-06 · University Hospital, Lille · Diltiazem
    “rate of inclusion and study affected by covid-19 epidemic”
  • withdrawn · 2022-07-27 · EMS · Levamlodipine 2.5/ 5 mg
    “Sponsor decision”
  • withdrawn · 2021-12-15 · Boston University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “The study was not IRB approved and there were anticipated challenges in recruiting participants.”
  • terminated · 2021-03-22 · Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust · Nicardipine Hydrochloride, Verapamil Hydrochloride
    “Unable to recruit in time before end of PhD studentship”
  • withdrawn · 2021-03-11 · University Hospital, Lille · Association of diltiazem and niclosamide
    “evidence showed chloroquine is not effective against COVID-19”
  • terminated · 2021-02-03 · Arthrex, Inc. · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Eclipse Shoulder System received 510(k) clearance on July 26, 2019.”
  • terminated · 2020-08-25 · University Hospital, Strasbourg, France · Nicardipine
    “no candidats”
  • suspended · 2020-06-30 · National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Challenges with funding and very low incidence of COVID-19 at Irish study site”
  • terminated · 2020-01-14 · Bispebjerg Hospital · Diltiazem
    “Slow inclusion rate”
  • withdrawn · 2019-09-18 · Johns Hopkins University · Verapamil ER
    “Failure to recruit patients meeting inclusion criteria.”
  • terminated · 2019-07-23 · Benjamin Bleier · Verapamil Hydrochloride Intranasal
    “Phase II funding not available”
  • withdrawn · 2018-11-20 · University of South Florida · Diltiazem Hydrochloride
    “no participants agreed to enroll since study start”
  • terminated · 2018-06-14 · Benjamin Bleier · Verapamil HCl
    “Evidence that the dose is insufficient.”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for CACNA1C's drugs

For nilvadipine, manidipine 6300, barnidipine, nicardipine, verapamil, benidipine, levamlodipine, cinnarizine, bepridil, diltiazem, dronedarone, phloroglucinol: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.

  • EU paediatric investigation plan: yes · EMEA-002276-PIP01-17 (verapamil;trandolapril, Treatment of hypertension): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 15 Jun 2018; EMEA-001726-PIP01-14 (ranolazine;dronedarone, Treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 5 Jun 2015; EMEA-001223-PIP01-11 (Diltiazem (hydrochloride), Treatment of chronic anal fissure): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 27 Jan 2012
    Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • EU orphan designation: yes · EU/3/19/2240 positive 9 Jan 2020: Treatment of non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage
    Rule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA EU/3/19/2240, 2026-11-11
  • Authorised in the EU: yes · Multaq: authorised since 25 Nov 2009; Multaq: application withdrawn
    Rule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the link
    Rule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
  • FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of nilvadipine, manidipine 6300, barnidipine, nicardipine, verapamil, benidipine, levamlodipine, cinnarizine, bepridil, diltiazem, dronedarone, phloroglucinol
    Rule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-11
  • Registered studies open to children: yes · 25 interventional studies of nilvadipine, manidipine 6300, barnidipine, nicardipine, verapamil, benidipine, levamlodipine, cinnarizine, bepridil, diltiazem, dronedarone, phloroglucinol include patients under 18; 7 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or active
    Rule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-11

Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs

All 41 drugs and clinical candidates as a table

Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.

DrugTypeHighest stageIndicationsSource records
NILVADIPINESmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, Alzheimer diseaseOpen Targets · ChEMBL
MANIDIPINE 6300Small moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorder, aortic valve calcificationOpen Targets · ChEMBL
BARNIDIPINESmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalhypertensive disorder, intracerebral hemorrhage, malignant hypertensionOpen Targets · ChEMBL
VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalhypertensive disorder, cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes mellitus, Hodgkins lymphoma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, epilepsy, chronic rhinosinusitis, keloidOpen Targets · ChEMBL
BENIDIPINESmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, angina pectoris, hypertensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LEVAMLODIPINE MALEATESmall moleculeapprovalhypertensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
CINNARIZINESmall moleculeapprovalVertigo, primary aldosteronismOpen Targets · ChEMBL
BEPRIDILSmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalangina pectoris, hypertensive disorder, coronary vasospasm, atrial fibrillation, Anal fissure, pulmonary arterial hypertensionOpen Targets · ChEMBL
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalatrial fibrillationOpen Targets · ChEMBL
PHLOROGLUCINOLSmall moleculeapprovalgastrointestinal disease, urinary system disorder, renal colicOpen Targets · ChEMBL
AMLODIPINE BENZOATESmall moleculeapprovalhypertensive disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ISRADIPINESmall moleculeapprovalhypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorder, Parkinson disease, bipolar disorder, opiate dependence, nicotine dependence, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, +1 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
CILNIDIPINESmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorder, ischemic stroke, polycystic kidney diseaseOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LEVAMLODIPINESmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorder, essential hypertensionOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NISOLDIPINESmall moleculeapprovalhypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LACIDIPINESmall moleculeapprovalcardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorder, angina pectoris, essential hypertensionOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NITRENDIPINESmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NICARDIPINESmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorder, preeclampsia, hepatocellular carcinoma, aortic disorder, intracranial vasospasm, ischemic stroke, stroke disorder, +6 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NIFEDIPINESmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, coronary vasospasm, cardiovascular disorder, angina pectoris, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic kidney disease, ureterolithiasis, nephrolithiasis, +18 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
FELODIPINESmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorder, obesity disorder, essential hypertensionOpen Targets · ChEMBL
GABAPENTIN ENACARBILSmall moleculephase 4restless legs syndrome, neuralgia, Sleep disturbance, alcohol dependence, diabetic polyneuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, neuropathic painOpen Targets · ChEMBL
CLEVIDIPINESmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorder, intracerebral hemorrhage, malignant hypertension, subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke disorder, Aortic dissection, aortic aneurysmOpen Targets · ChEMBL
DILTIAZEMSmall moleculephase 4hemorrhoid, cardiovascular disorder, hypertensive disorder, atrial fibrillation, diabetic kidney disease, atrial flutter, Pain, Anal fissure, +7 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
AZELNIDIPINESmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, essential hypertensionOpen Targets · ChEMBL
GABAPENTINSmall moleculephase 4epilepsy, restless legs syndrome, Seizure, Focal-onset seizure, neuralgia, Focal impaired awareness seizure, neuropathy, Pruritus, +60 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
NIMODIPINESmall moleculephase 4cardiovascular disorder, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cocaine dependence, Mental deterioration, acoustic neuroma, cocaine abuse, AIDS dementia complex, frontotemporal dementia, +1 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LERCANIDIPINESmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorder, essential hypertension, angina pectoris, chronic kidney diseaseOpen Targets · ChEMBL
VERAPAMILSmall moleculephase 4hypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorder, atrial fibrillation, bipolar disorder, obesity disorder, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, Pain, +23 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
IMAGABALINSmall moleculephase 3generalized anxiety disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
AZD1305Small moleculephase 2atrial fibrillationOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ATAGABALINSmall moleculephase 2insomniaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ELPETRIGINESmall moleculephase 1bipolar disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL
DRONEDARONESmall moleculewithdrawalatrial fibrillation, cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, atrial flutter, congestive heart failure, Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, Ventricular arrhythmiaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
AMLODIPINE BESYLATESmall moleculewithdrawalhypertensive disorder, heart failure, angina pectoris, Prinzmetal angina, stroke disorder, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disorder, diabetes mellitus, +8 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
AMLODIPINESmall moleculewithdrawalhypertensive disorder, cardiovascular disorder, coronary artery disorder, stroke disorder, myocardial infarction, chronic kidney disease, inherited lipid metabolism disorder, essential hypertension, +46 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
PREGABALINSmall moleculewithdrawalanxiety disorder, neuralgia, epilepsy, postherpetic neuralgia, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, Seizure, spinal cord injury, +53 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
TERODILINESmall moleculewithdrawalUrinary incontinence, PolyuriaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
TERODILINE HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculewithdrawal–Open Targets · ChEMBL
SULOCTIDILSmall moleculewithdrawalcardiovascular disorderOpen Targets · ChEMBL