ADORA1 adenosine A1 receptor
ENSG00000163485 · protein coding · Open Targets profile
Receptor for adenosine (PubMed:29925945). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins such as GNAI2 which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. .
Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.
Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.
Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Tractability
- Small molecule
- Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, Druggable Family
- Antibody
- UniProt loc high conf, GO CC high conf, UniProt SigP or TMHMM, Human Protein Atlas loc
- PROTAC
- Small Molecule Binder
gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.3014400005340576 (upper bound 0.5949599742889404). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.
Who runs trials of these drugs
Principal investigators and study chairs on 400 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against ADORA1 (defibrotide, oxtriphylline, adenosine, caffeine, theophylline, aminophylline, rolofylline, tonapofylline, naxifylline, trabodenoson, tecadenoson, T-62), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.
- Hany F BadawyFaculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University · 3 of 3 trials Phase 2+
- Tapan M KadiaM.D. Anderson Cancer Center · 3 of 3 trials Phase 2+Ph2NCT03586609 · Venetoclax, Cladribine, Low Dose Cytarabine, and Azacitidine in Treating Patients With Previously Untreated Acute Myeloid Leukemiabrief
- Jaclyn TamaroffVanderbilt University Medical Center · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Mitchell CairoNew York Medical College · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Tapan KadiaM.D. Anderson Cancer Center · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Uday R PopatM.D. Anderson Cancer Center · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Zhimin ShaoFudan U · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Farhad Ravandi-KashaniM.D. Anderson Cancer Center · 1 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Vinod PullarkatCity of Hope Medical Center · 1 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Adam KonopkaUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Adriana ColettaHuntsman Cancer Institute · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Adrienne WaksDana-Farber Cancer Institute · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Alan L HoNRG Oncology · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Alexandra GangiCedars-Sinai Medical Center · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Andreas DiaconTASK Applied Science Clinical Research Centre · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
Registry trials of defibrotide, oxtriphylline, adenosine, caffeine, theophylline, aminophylline, rolofylline, tonapofylline, naxifylline, trabodenoson, tecadenoson, T-62 updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 341 of 382 have all sites in one country.
Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 18 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.
236 trials of drugs against ADORA1 were stopped early; 10 of the 200 most recent give no reason
Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of defibrotide, oxtriphylline, adenosine, caffeine, theophylline, aminophylline, rolofylline, tonapofylline, naxifylline, trabodenoson, tecadenoson, T-62, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 236.
- terminated · 2026-10-21 · Medical College of Wisconsin · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“No longer have funding support to complete the pharmacogenetics component.”
- suspended · 2026-10-20 · City of Hope Medical Center · 8-Chloroadenosine“Safety Issues, status is being updated per PI due to safety issues. Study is now Temporarily Closed to Accrual.”
- suspended · 2026-09-28 · Weill Medical College of Cornell University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Study is paused for interim analysis.”
- terminated · 2026-08-20 · Jules Bordet Institute · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Study logistics or limited study population, as defined by the iclusion/exclusion criteria, leading to a poor recruitment”
- terminated · 2026-08-04 · Genzyme, a Sanofi Company · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Enrolment formally closed earlier than planned due to recruitment challenges.”
- terminated · 2026-07-30 · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Slow participant enrollment”
- terminated · 2026-07-10 · Donald Basel · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“data analysis unequivocal - requires study methodology re-evaluation”
- terminated · 2026-07-06 · Marissa Jarosinski · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Poor recruitment”
- terminated · 2026-06-30 · Hoffmann-La Roche · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Sponsor decision to discontinue lebrikizumab development for the treatment of asthma.”
- terminated · 2026-06-22 · University Hospital, Bordeaux · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“target number of subjects not reached”
- terminated · 2026-06-09 · Regeneron Pharmaceuticals · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Sponsor Decision related to study drug supply”
- terminated · 2026-05-07 · Christoph Grimm · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“slow recruitment during COVID pandemia”
- terminated · 2026-05-06 · Ottawa Heart Institute Research Corporation · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Testing supplies unavailable.”
- terminated · 2026-04-22 · EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc. · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Overarching portfolio-level review of the company's oncology pipeline resulted in early termination of the study. The study was not terminated due to safety.”
- withdrawn · 2026-04-08 · Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Lack of financing”
- withdrawn · 2026-03-11 · HealthPartners Institute · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The trial was deemed to be unfeasible to commence at this site.”
- terminated · 2026-03-03 · Novartis Pharmaceuticals · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Business decision and not related to safety concerns”
- withdrawn · 2026-02-23 · University of Michigan · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Device development took longer than anticipated and the study needed to be redesigned to not include device testing.”
- terminated · 2026-02-04 · The Guthrie Clinic · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Researcher stopped study due to slow accrual rate”
- terminated · 2026-01-22 · Delta-Fly Pharma, Inc. · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The data met the protocol-specified criteria for futility of the investigational treatment.”
- terminated · 2026-01-12 · Sinotau Pharmaceutical Group · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The main objective of this study has been achieved. Following internal discussions, the sponsor has decided to terminate this study early.”
- terminated · 2025-12-01 · Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Abandon of the partner, GSK”
- terminated · 2025-12-01 · Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Bankruptcy of partner: Clovis”
- withdrawn · 2025-10-14 · University of Rochester · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Change in the landscape of current treatment of early stage breast cancer. Larger clinical trials answering similar questions are expected to result in the next few years.”
- terminated · 2025-08-21 · Janssen Research & Development, LLC · Caffeine 100 mg“The study was stopped as all post-marketing commitments had been fulfilled or released”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for ADORA1's drugs
For defibrotide, oxtriphylline, adenosine, caffeine, theophylline, aminophylline, rolofylline, tonapofylline, naxifylline, trabodenoson, tecadenoson, T-62: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.
- FDA pediatric target list: no · ADORA1 is not on the listRule: Target is on FDA's Pediatric Molecular Target List (relevant targets). Source: FDA Pediatric Molecular Target List (Listed as February 2026 on the FDA Pediatric Oncology page; the file served is 9.7.22_the_relevant_molecular_target_list.xlsx, whose Summary of Changes sheet is headed 'SEPTEMBER 2022 UPDATE' (footnote date 2022-09-01)), 2026-11-11
- EU paediatric investigation plan: yes · EMEA-000275-PIP01-08 (rolofylline, Heart Failure): P: decision agreeing on a investigation plan, with or without partial waiver(s) and or deferral(s), 18 May 2009; EMEA-001537-PIP01-13 (Caffeine;Ibuprofen, Treatment of pain): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 22 Jan 2014Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- EU orphan designation: yes · EU/3/04/211 withdrawn 29 Jul 2004: Prevention of hepatic veno-occlusive disease; EU/3/13/1201 withdrawn 13 Nov 2013: Prevention of graft-versus-host disease; EU/3/03/132 expired 18 Feb 2003: Treatment of primary apnoea of premature newborns; EU/3/04/212 positive 29 Jul 2004: Treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease; +1 moreRule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- Authorised in the EU: yes · Gencebok: authorised since 19 Aug 2020; Peyona (previously Nymusa): authorised since 2 Jul 2009; Defitelio: authorised since 18 Oct 2013, exceptional circumstances; Blectifor: application withdrawn, orphan medicineRule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the linkRule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
- FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of defibrotide, oxtriphylline, adenosine, caffeine, theophylline, aminophylline, rolofylline, tonapofylline, naxifylline, trabodenoson, tecadenoson, t-62Rule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-11
- Registered studies open to children: yes · 317 interventional studies of defibrotide, oxtriphylline, adenosine, caffeine, theophylline, aminophylline, rolofylline, tonapofylline, naxifylline, trabodenoson, tecadenoson, t-62 include patients under 18; 57 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or activeRule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-11
Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs
All 22 drugs and clinical candidates as a table
Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.