CD28 CD28 molecule
ENSG00000178562 · protein coding · Open Targets profile
Receptor that plays a role in T-cell activation, proliferation, survival and the maintenance of immune homeostasis (PubMed:1650475, PubMed:7568038). Functions not only as an amplifier of TCR signals but delivers unique signals that control intracellular biochemical events that alter the gene expression program of T-cells (PubMed:24665965). Stimulation upon engagement of its cognate ligands CD80 or CD86 increases proliferation and expression of various cytokines in particular IL2 production in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets (PubMed:12196291, PubMed:1650475, PubMed:35397202). Mechanistically, ligation induces recruitment of protein kinase C- theta/PRKCQ and GRB2 leading to NF-kappa-B activation via both PI3K/Akt-dependent and -independent pathways (PubMed:21964608, PubMed:24665965, PubMed:7568038). In conjunction with TCR/CD3 ligation and CD40L costimulation, enhances the production of IL4 and IL10 in T- cells (PubMed:8617933). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12196291, ECO:0000269|PubMed:1650475, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21964608, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24665965, ECO:0000269|PubMed:35397202, ECO:0000269|PubMed:7568038, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8617933}.
Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.
Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.
Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Tractability
- Small molecule
- Structure with Ligand
- Antibody
- Advanced Clinical, UniProt loc high conf, GO CC high conf, UniProt SigP or TMHMM, Human Protein Atlas loc
- PROTAC
- Database Ubiquitination
gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.3743700087070465 (upper bound 0.6754900217056274). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.
Who runs trials of these drugs
Principal investigators and study chairs on 1 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against CD28 (TGN-1412, lulizumab pegol), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.
- Flavio VincentiUniversity of California San Francisco School of Medicine: Transplantation · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Sindhu ChandranUniversity of California San Francisco School of Medicine: Transplantation · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
Registry trials of TGN-1412, lulizumab pegol updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 1 of 1 have all sites in one country.
Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.
4 trials of drugs against CD28 were stopped early
Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of TGN-1412, lulizumab pegol, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 4 most recent of 4.
- withdrawn · 2023-03-22 · National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Limited period of availability of a supply of the study drug and difficulties in enrollment”
- terminated · 2018-10-04 · Bristol-Myers Squibb · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Inability to meet protocol objectives”
- terminated · 2018-05-23 · Theramab LLC · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Administrative reasons”
- terminated · 2017-12-20 · Bristol-Myers Squibb · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Business objectives have changed”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for CD28's drugs
For TGN-1412, lulizumab pegol: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.
- FDA pediatric target list: no · CD28 is not on the listRule: Target is on FDA's Pediatric Molecular Target List (relevant targets). Source: FDA Pediatric Molecular Target List (Listed as February 2026 on the FDA Pediatric Oncology page; the file served is 9.7.22_the_relevant_molecular_target_list.xlsx, whose Summary of Changes sheet is headed 'SEPTEMBER 2022 UPDATE' (footnote date 2022-09-01)), 2026-11-11
- EU paediatric investigation plan: no · No EMA paediatric investigation plan decision names tgn-1412, lulizumab pegolRule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- EU orphan designation: no · No EU orphan designation names tgn-1412, lulizumab pegolRule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- Authorised in the EU: no · EMA lists no centrally authorised medicine of tgn-1412, lulizumab pegolRule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the linkRule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
- FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of tgn-1412, lulizumab pegolRule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-12
- Registered studies open to children: no · No interventional study of tgn-1412, lulizumab pegol includes patients under 18Rule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-12
Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs
All 2 drugs and clinical candidates as a table
Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.
| Drug | Type | Highest stage | Indications | Source records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TGN-1412 | Unknown | phase 2 | systemic lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis vulgaris, type 1 diabetes mellitus | Open Targets · ChEMBL |
| LULIZUMAB PEGOL | Antibody | phase 2 | systemic lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus erythematosus | Open Targets · ChEMBL |