KCNJ11 potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 11
ENSG00000187486 · protein coding · Open Targets profile
Inward rectifier potassium channel that forms the pore of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP), regulating potassium permeability as a function of cytoplasmic ATP and ADP concentrations in many different cells (PubMed:29286281, PubMed:34815345). Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. Can be blocked by extracellular barium (By similarity). In pancreatic cells, it forms KATP channels with ABCC8/SUR1 (PubMed:29286281, PubMed:34815345). Can form cardiac and smooth muscle-type KATP channels with ABCC9. {ECO:0000250, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17855752, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28842488, ECO:0000269|PubMed:29286281, ECO:0000269|PubMed:34815345, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9831708}.
Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.
Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.
Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Tractability
- Small molecule
- Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, Druggable Family
- Antibody
- GO CC high conf, UniProt SigP or TMHMM
- PROTAC
- Database Ubiquitination, Half-life Data, Small Molecule Binder
- Other modalities
- Advanced Clinical
gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.6932500004768372 (upper bound 1.1232000589370728). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.
Who runs trials of these drugs
Principal investigators and study chairs on 119 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against KCNJ11 (chlorpropamide, acetohexamide, tolazamide, mitiglinide, tolbutamide, pinacidil, glipizide, repaglinide, mitiglinide calcium dihydrate, minoxidil, diazoxide, gliclazide), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.
- Andy GorenUniversity of Rome G. Marconi · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Meredith HawkinsAlbert Einstein College of Medicine · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Brittany L DulmageOhio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center · 1 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Jianzhong ZhangPeking University People's Hospital · 1 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Alina MarkovaMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Amy J McMichaelWake Forest Baptist Health Department of Dermatology · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Ana López-BallesterosIndustrial Farmacéutica Cantabria, S.A. · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Andreas DiaconTASK Applied Science Clinical Research Centre · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Antonino TuttolomondoUniversity of Palermo · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Azeez FarookiMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Behrouz KASSAIHospices Civils de Lyon · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Betsy Hughes-FormellaDermaliq Therapeutics, Inc. · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Cheng ZhouPeking University People's Hospital · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Emma ScottSWOG Cancer Research Network · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Essam A NadaProfessor · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
Registry trials of chlorpropamide, acetohexamide, tolazamide, mitiglinide, tolbutamide, pinacidil, glipizide, repaglinide, mitiglinide calcium dihydrate, minoxidil, diazoxide, gliclazide updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 104 of 113 have all sites in one country.
Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 6 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.
28 trials of drugs against KCNJ11 were stopped early; 6 give no reason
Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of chlorpropamide, acetohexamide, tolazamide, mitiglinide, tolbutamide, pinacidil, glipizide, repaglinide, mitiglinide calcium dihydrate, minoxidil, diazoxide, gliclazide, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 28.
- withdrawn · 2026-11-02 · Applied Biology, Inc. · Topical minoxidil 5%“Sponsor change of formulation”
- withdrawn · 2026-10-13 · Soleno Therapeutics, Inc. · DCCR (diazoxide choline) extended-release tablets“Company Decision”
- terminated · 2026-08-07 · Columbia University · Diazoxide, 3 mg/kg per dose“Reprioritization of research efforts”
- terminated · 2025-09-11 · Albert Einstein College of Medicine · Diazoxide, Placebo (for Diazoxide)“Study suspended for a prolonged duration due to the Pandemic. Once research resumed project was streamlined due to insufficient resources. Study was sufficiently powered to conduct analysis for 2 of the arms. Remaining Aims were never initiated.”
- terminated · 2025-05-31 · Meredith Hawkins · Diazoxide“Grant funding ended. NIDDK grant renewed without an MR aim. No plans to do future studies.”
- terminated · 2025-05-16 · Meredith Hawkins · Diazoxide“IRB approval expired 6/13/2023. Primary Completion Date and Study Completion Date updated after definitions were explained to PI/study team. Study never reached intended enrollment and will be categorized as terminated.”
- withdrawn · 2024-10-15 · Applied Biology, Inc. · Topical minoxidil 5%“Concern about formulation patent”
- withdrawn · 2023-09-13 · University of Minnesota · Post-Laser Minoxidil 2%, At-Home Minoxidil 5%, Post-laser 5mg minoxidil, Post-laser 10mg minoxidil, Post-laser 20mg minoxidil“Study was closed with IRB on 10/22/22”
- withdrawn · 2023-06-05 · Albert Einstein College of Medicine · Diazoxide, Placebo (for diazoxide)“Permanently terminated due to COVID-19 given the poor vaccine penetrance in liver transplant recipients. This is not a suspension of IRB approval.”
- withdrawn · 2022-09-19 · Johns Hopkins University · IV Diazoxide“Withdrawn in IRB.”
- withdrawn · 2022-03-04 · University of Maryland, Baltimore · Diazoxide“Subject passed away prior to enrollment”
- withdrawn · 2021-08-03 · Soleno Therapeutics, Inc. · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Study was never initiated; rather the duration of open-label study C602 (NCT03714373) was extended.”
- terminated · 2018-10-19 · Eli Lilly and Company · Tolbutamide“Terminated based on safety results from another trial”
- terminated · 2018-05-03 · NHS Tayside · gliclazide“Following Regulator inspection in 2009, study terminated as inadequate approvals were in place”
- terminated · 2017-10-13 · National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) · Diazoxide“Severe side effects \& lack of target engagement”
- terminated · 2017-02-20 · Novo Nordisk A/S · repaglinide“Low recruitment status”
- withdrawn · 2017-01-24 · Maja Kovacevic, MD · 5% Topical Minoxidil Solution, 15% Topical Minoxidil SolutionNo reason given
- withdrawn · 2016-12-02 · Disphar International B.V. · Gliclazide 120 mg MR Tablets Formula A, Gliclazide 120 mg MR Tablets, Gliclazide 120 mg MR Tablets Formula BNo reason given
- withdrawn · 2016-09-02 · University of Florida · 5% Minoxidil“PI indicating she was withdrawing her study submission due to lack of funding as of 6/20/2016”
- withdrawn · 2016-09-01 · Essentialis, Inc. · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Did not continue with development of DCCR in Very High Triglycerides”
- withdrawn · 2016-09-01 · Essentialis, Inc. · Diazoxide choline, Diazoxide choline high dose“Did not support the planned development of DCCR in the new indication”
- terminated · 2015-06-12 · Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC · matched by the registry's drug synonymsNo reason given
- withdrawn · 2015-03-12 · Children's Hospital of Philadelphia · Repaglinide and Insulin“Unable to recruit any subjects”
- terminated · 2014-07-18 · Boehringer Ingelheim · TolbutamideNo reason given
- terminated · 2014-06-10 · University of Chicago · Minoxidil“Study has been terminated due to poor accrual.”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for KCNJ11's drugs
For chlorpropamide, acetohexamide, tolazamide, mitiglinide, tolbutamide, pinacidil, glipizide, repaglinide, mitiglinide calcium dihydrate, minoxidil, diazoxide, gliclazide: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.
- FDA pediatric target list: no · KCNJ11 is not on the listRule: Target is on FDA's Pediatric Molecular Target List (relevant targets). Source: FDA Pediatric Molecular Target List (Listed as February 2026 on the FDA Pediatric Oncology page; the file served is 9.7.22_the_relevant_molecular_target_list.xlsx, whose Summary of Changes sheet is headed 'SEPTEMBER 2022 UPDATE' (footnote date 2022-09-01)), 2026-11-11
- EU paediatric investigation plan: no · No EMA paediatric investigation plan decision names chlorpropamide, acetohexamide, tolazamide, mitiglinide, tolbutamide, pinacidil, glipizide, repaglinide, mitiglinide calcium dihydrate, minoxidil, diazoxide, gliclazideRule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- EU orphan designation: no · No EU orphan designation names chlorpropamide, acetohexamide, tolazamide, mitiglinide, tolbutamide, pinacidil, glipizide, repaglinide, mitiglinide calcium dihydrate, minoxidil, diazoxide, gliclazideRule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- Authorised in the EU: yes · Repaglinide Accord: withdrawn since 22 Dec 2011; Repaglinide Teva: authorised since 28 Jun 2009; Enyglid: authorised since 13 Oct 2009; Repaglinide Krka: authorised since 3 Nov 2009; +3 moreRule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the linkRule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
- FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of chlorpropamide, acetohexamide, tolazamide, mitiglinide, tolbutamide, pinacidil, glipizide, repaglinide, mitiglinide calcium dihydrate, minoxidil, diazoxide, gliclazideRule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-11
- Registered studies open to children: yes · 28 interventional studies of chlorpropamide, acetohexamide, tolazamide, mitiglinide, tolbutamide, pinacidil, glipizide, repaglinide, mitiglinide calcium dihydrate, minoxidil, diazoxide, gliclazide include patients under 18; 3 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or activeRule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-11
Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs
All 15 drugs and clinical candidates as a table
Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.