OncoSignal
Live from Open Targets Platform, fetched 2026-11-11 15:28 UTC. Every row links to its source record.

RET ret proto-oncogene

ENSG00000165731 · protein coding · Open Targets profile

Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase involved in numerous cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, neuronal navigation, cell migration, and cell differentiation in response to glia cell line- derived growth family factors (GDNF, NRTN, ARTN, PSPN and GDF15) (PubMed:20064382, PubMed:20616503, PubMed:20702524, PubMed:21357690, PubMed:21454698, PubMed:24560924, PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846099, PubMed:28953886, PubMed:31118272). In contrast to most receptor tyrosine kinases, RET requires not only its cognate ligands but also coreceptors, for activation (PubMed:21994944, PubMed:23333276, PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846099, PubMed:28953886). GDNF ligands (GDNF, NRTN, ARTN, PSPN and GDF15) first bind their corresponding GDNFR coreceptors (GFRA1, GFRA2, GFRA3, GFRA4 and GFRAL, respectively), triggering RET autophosphorylation and activation, leading to activation of downstream signaling pathways, including the MAPK- and AKT-signaling pathways (PubMed:21994944, PubMed:23333276, PubMed:24560924, PubMed:25242331, PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846099, PubMed:28953886). Acts as a dependence receptor via the GDNF-GFRA1 signaling: in the presence of the ligand GDNF in somatotrophs within pituitary, promotes survival and down regulates growth hormone (GH) production, but triggers apoptosis in absence of GDNF (PubMed:20616503, PubMed:21994944). Required for the molecular mechanisms orchestration during intestine organogenesis via the ARTN-GFRA3 signaling: involved in the development of enteric nervous system and renal organogenesis during embryonic life, and promotes the formation of Peyer's patch-like structures, a major component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (By similarity). Mediates, through interaction with GDF15-receptor GFRAL, GDF15-induced cell-signaling in the brainstem which triggers an aversive response, characterized by nausea, vomiting, and/or loss of appetite in response to various stresses (PubMed:28846097, PubMed:28846099, PubMed:28953886). Modulates cell adhesion via its cleavage by caspase in sympathetic neurons and mediates cell migration in an integrin (e.g. ITGB1 and ITGB3)-dependent manner (PubMed:20702524, PubMed:21357690). Also active in the absence of ligand, triggering apoptosis through a mechanism that requires receptor intracellular caspase cleavage (PubMed:21357690). Triggers the differentiation of rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors (PubMed:20064382). Involved in the development of the neural crest (By similarity). Regulates nociceptor survival and size (By similarity). Phosphorylates PTK2/FAK1 (PubMed:21454698). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P35546, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20064382, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20616503, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20702524, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21357690, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21454698, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21994944, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23333276, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24560924, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25242331, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28846097, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28846099, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28953886, ECO:0000269|PubMed:31118272}.

11 of the 16 drugs recorded against RET are approved, and 1 more reached Phase 3

Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.

11 small molecule drugs at Approved: SELPERCATINIB, SORAFENIB TOSYLATE, QUIZARTINIB, LESTAURTINIB, ALECTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE, ALECTINIB, SORAFENIB, VANDETANIB, SUNITINIB MALATE, SUNITINIB, REGORAFENIB1 small molecule drug at Phase 3: MOTESANIB1 small molecule drug at Phase 2: CEP-324961 small molecule drug at Phase 1: CEP-25631 small molecule drug at Withdrawn: PRALSETINIB1 unknown drug at Phase 2: BOS-589Small molecule 15Unknown 1Approved 11Phase 3 1Phase 2 2Phase 1 1Withdrawn 1

Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

In 10 of 15 cancers, the evidence for RET comes mainly from inherited variants

Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.

Inherited (germline) variantsMutations in tumours (somatic)
00.250.50.751multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2Amultiple endocrine neoplasia type 2Amultiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A: germline 0.94medullary thyroid gland carcinomamedullary thyroid gland carcinomamedullary thyroid gland carcinoma: somatic 0.61medullary thyroid gland carcinoma: germline 0.92multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2Bmultiple endocrine neoplasia type 2Bmultiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B: germline 0.89pheochromocytomapheochromocytomapheochromocytoma: somatic 0.55pheochromocytoma: germline 0.93multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: germline 0.91familial medullary thyroid carcinomafamilial medullary thyroid carcinomafamilial medullary thyroid carcinoma: germline 0.87non-small cell lung carcinomanon-small cell lung carcinomanon-small cell lung carcinoma: somatic 0.52hepatocellular carcinomahepatocellular carcinomahepatocellular carcinoma: somatic 0.46hepatocellular carcinoma: germline 0.43multiple endocrine neoplasiamultiple endocrine neoplasiamultiple endocrine neoplasia: germline 0.68colorectal cancercolorectal cancercolorectal cancer: germline 0.55gastrointestinal stromal tumorgastrointestinal stromal tumorgastrointestinal stromal tumor: somatic 0.46hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglio…hereditary pheochromocytoma-paragangliomarenal cell carcinomarenal cell carcinomarenal cell carcinoma: somatic 0.30thyroid gland carcinomathyroid gland carcinomathyroid gland carcinoma: somatic 0.46thyroid gland carcinoma: germline 0.56hereditary neoplastic syndromehereditary neoplastic syndromehereditary neoplastic syndrome: germline 0.94

Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.

Tractability

Small molecule
Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, High-Quality Pocket, Druggable Family
Antibody
UniProt loc high conf, GO CC high conf, UniProt SigP or TMHMM
PROTAC
Database Ubiquitination, Small Molecule Binder
Other modalities
Advanced Clinical

gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.16061000525951385 (upper bound 0.23567000031471252). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.

Who runs trials of these drugs

Principal investigators and study chairs on 400 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against RET (selpercatinib, sorafenib, quizartinib, lestaurtinib, alectinib, vandetanib, sunitinib, regorafenib, motesanib, BOS-589), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.

117 of 381 trials of drugs against RET have sites only in United States

Registry trials of selpercatinib, sorafenib, quizartinib, lestaurtinib, alectinib, vandetanib, sunitinib, regorafenib, motesanib, BOS-589 updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 275 of 381 have all sites in one country.

Sites only in this groupSites here and elsewhere
United StatesUnited States: 117 trials with sites only hereUnited States: 84 trials with sites here and elsewhere201ChinaChina: 69 trials with sites only hereChina: 37 trials with sites here and elsewhere106EuropeEurope: 64 trials with sites only hereEurope: 74 trials with sites here and elsewhere138JapanJapan: 4 trials with sites only hereJapan: 41 trials with sites here and elsewhere45OtherOther: 27 trials with sites only hereOther: 99 trials with sites here and elsewhere126

Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 19 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.

341 trials of drugs against RET were stopped early; 27 of the 200 most recent give no reason

Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of selpercatinib, sorafenib, quizartinib, lestaurtinib, alectinib, vandetanib, sunitinib, regorafenib, motesanib, BOS-589, CEP-32496, CEP-2563, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 341.

  • terminated · 2026-11-03 · Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute · regorafenib
    “The study was stopped early due to lack of efficacy.”
  • suspended · 2026-10-20 · City of Hope Medical Center · Regorafenib
    “resources”
  • terminated · 2026-10-05 · Children's Oncology Group · Regorafenib
    “Drug supply issues”
  • terminated · 2026-08-26 · Bristol-Myers Squibb · Regorafenib
    No reason given
  • terminated · 2026-08-25 · Association of Urologic Oncology (AUO) · Sunitinib
    No reason given
  • terminated · 2026-07-21 · ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation · Alectinib
    “Low recruitment rate”
  • terminated · 2026-07-06 · Syndax Pharmaceuticals · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Study was terminated by sponsor after Phase 1b as pre-defined signals of efficacy were not met in the Phase 1b dose expansion cohort.”
  • withdrawn · 2026-06-15 · University of Miami · Regorafenib
    “Investigator decision”
  • terminated · 2026-04-23 · National Cancer Institute (NCI) · Alectinib
    “Inadequate accrual rate”
  • withdrawn · 2026-03-11 · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · Regorafenib
    “0 participants enrolled”
  • terminated · 2026-03-09 · Translational Research in Oncology · Regorafenib in combination with pembrolizumab
    “The trial ended earlier than planned due to slow enrolment, which has made it unfeasible to achieve the target sample size within a reasonable timeframe. Consequently, a business decision has been made to discontinue funding for the trial.”
  • terminated · 2026-03-05 · Wake Forest University Health Sciences · Regorafenib
    “Slow accruals”
  • withdrawn · 2026-02-25 · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · Regorafenib
    “0 participants enrolled”
  • terminated · 2026-01-20 · Anwaar Saeed · Regorafenib
    “Terminated per directive from Bayer due to funding.”
  • suspended · 2025-10-23 · Mirror Biologics, Inc. · Sorafenib
    “Sponsor unable to fund”
  • withdrawn · 2025-08-06 · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · Sorafenib
    “0 participants”
  • terminated · 2025-05-13 · Massachusetts General Hospital · Alectinib
    “slow accrual”
  • withdrawn · 2025-05-02 · Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University · Motesanib
    No reason given
  • withdrawn · 2025-04-27 · Medical University of South Carolina · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “study is being rewritten for different disease population”
  • terminated · 2025-03-30 · UNICANCER · Regorafenib then Trifluridine/Tipiracil, Trifluridine/Tipiracil then Regorafenib
    “Following the presentation of the SUNLIGHT study results at ASCO GI and the rapid change in patient management in the majority of centers, the IDMC experts recommended halting inclusion in the SOREGATT study with immediate effect.”
  • terminated · 2025-03-11 · Great Novel Therapeutics Biotech & Medicals Corporation · Regorafenib
    “The overall profile does not support development for Hepatocellular Carcinoma”
  • terminated · 2025-03-07 · Aptose Biosciences Inc. · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Change in corporate strategy”
  • terminated · 2025-02-26 · Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences · Sorafenib
    “IDMC recommended to terminate the study since Interim analysis showed that the experimental group had significant superiority over the control group in TTP and OS (p<0.001), meeting the predefined interim analysis endpoints in the study protocol.”
  • terminated · 2025-02-14 · AIO-Studien-gGmbH · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “insufficient accrual rate”
  • terminated · 2025-02-12 · Georgetown University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms
    “Lack of efficacy”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for RET's drugs

For selpercatinib, sorafenib, quizartinib, lestaurtinib, alectinib, vandetanib, sunitinib, regorafenib, motesanib, BOS-589, CEP-32496, CEP-2563: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.

  • FDA pediatric target list: yes · RET is on the list. Membership alone neither requires nor waives a pediatric study.
  • EU paediatric investigation plan: yes · EMA/PE/0000182170 (regorafenib, Treatment of all conditions contained in the category of malignant neoplasms (except haematopoietic and lymphoid tissue)): PM: decision on the application for modification of an agreed PIP, 5 Dec 2024; EMEA-001821-PIP01-15-M08 (quizartinib, Treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia): PM: decision on the application for modification of an agreed PIP, 14 Jun 2024; EMEA-002544-PIP01-18-M02 (selpercatinib, Treatment of all conditions included in the category of malignant neoplasms (except haematopoietic and lymphoid tissue neoplasms)): PM: decision on the application for modification of an agreed PIP, 13 Apr 2023; EMEA-002431-PIP02-21 (alectinib, Treatment of all conditions included in the category of malignant neoplasms (except haematopoietic and lymphoid tissue neoplasms)): P: decision agreeing on a investigation plan, with or without partial waiver(s) and or deferral(s), 31 Jan 2022; +4 more
    Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • EU orphan designation: yes · EU/3/13/1200 expired 13 Nov 2013: Treatment of papillary thyroid cancer; EU/3/13/1199 expired 13 Nov 2013: Treatment of follicular thyroid cancer; EU/3/19/2177 withdrawn 28 Jun 2019: Treatment of glioma; - negative 23 Sept 2019: Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma; +4 more
    Rule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • Authorised in the EU: yes · Sunitinib Accord: authorised since 11 Feb 2021; Vanflyta: authorised since 6 Nov 2023; Caprelsa: authorised since 16 Feb 2012; Retsevmo: authorised since 11 Feb 2021; +7 more
    Rule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
  • FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the link
    Rule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
  • FDA pediatric oncology approval: yes · Selpercatinib [Retevmo], 29 May 2024: Treatment of adult and pediatric patients 2 years of age and older with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors with a RET gene fusion, as detected by an FDA-approved test, that have progressed on or following prior systemic treatment or who have no satisfactory alternative treatment options; Selpercatinib [Retevmo], 29 May 2024: Treatment of adult and pediatric patients 2 years of age and older with advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer with a RET gene fusion, as detected by an FDA-approved test, who require systemic therapy and who are radioactive iodine-refractory (if radioactive iodine is appropriate); Selpercatinib [Retevmo], 29 May 2024: Treatment of adult and pediatric patients 2 years of age and older with advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) with a RET mutation, as detected by an FDA-approved test, who require systemic therapy
    Rule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-11
  • Registered studies open to children: yes · 134 interventional studies of selpercatinib, sorafenib, quizartinib, lestaurtinib, alectinib, vandetanib, sunitinib, regorafenib, motesanib, bos-589, cep-32496, cep-2563 include patients under 18; 47 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or active
    Rule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-11

Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs

All 16 drugs and clinical candidates as a table

Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.

DrugTypeHighest stageIndicationsSource records
SELPERCATINIBSmall moleculeapprovalmedullary thyroid gland carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, thyroid cancer, thyroid tumor, neoplasm, thyroid gland carcinoma, plasma cell myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, +10 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
SORAFENIB TOSYLATESmall moleculeapprovalrenal cell carcinoma, thyroid gland carcinoma, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis of liver, desmoid tumor, lung cancer, non-small cell lung carcinoma, +39 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
QUIZARTINIBSmall moleculeapprovalacute myeloid leukemia by FAB classification, myeloid leukemia, neoplasm, childhood leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, +1 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
LESTAURTINIBSmall moleculeapprovalacute myeloid leukemia by FAB classification, myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, psoriasis vulgaris, acute myeloid leukemia, prostate cancer, psoriasis, plasma cell myeloma, +4 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ALECTINIB HYDROCHLORIDESmall moleculeapprovalnon-small cell lung carcinomaOpen Targets · ChEMBL
ALECTINIBSmall moleculephase 4non-small cell lung carcinoma, lung cancer, neoplasm, cancer, childhood malignant neoplasm, metastatic colorectal cancer, thyroid gland carcinoma, plasma cell myeloma, +20 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
SORAFENIBSmall moleculephase 4hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, neoplasm, renal cell adenocarcinoma, melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Neoplasm of the liver, +123 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
VANDETANIBSmall moleculephase 4medullary thyroid gland carcinoma, thyroid gland carcinoma, thyroid tumor, neoplasm, non-small cell lung carcinoma, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, plasma cell myeloma, +49 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
SUNITINIB MALATESmall moleculephase 4renal cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, neuroendocrine neoplasm, breast cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, non-small cell lung carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, +62 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
SUNITINIBSmall moleculephase 4renal cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, neuroendocrine neoplasm, neoplasm, breast cancer, non-small cell lung carcinoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, +94 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
REGORAFENIBSmall moleculephase 4colorectal cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, colorectal neoplasm, neoplasm, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinoma, malignant colon neoplasm, +69 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL
MOTESANIBSmall moleculephase 3non-small cell lung carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, breast cancer, colorectal cancerOpen Targets · ChEMBL
BOS-589Unknownphase 2irritable bowel syndromeOpen Targets · ChEMBL
CEP-32496Small moleculephase 1 2lung adenocarcinoma, non-small cell squamous lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, ovarian cancer, cancerOpen Targets · ChEMBL
CEP-2563Small moleculephase 1–Open Targets · ChEMBL
PRALSETINIBSmall moleculewithdrawalnon-small cell lung carcinoma, medullary thyroid gland carcinoma, neoplasm, central nervous system neoplasm, central nervous system cancer, digestive system neoplasm, breast cancer, thyroid gland undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma, +6 moreOpen Targets · ChEMBL