GLRA1 glycine receptor alpha 1
ENSG00000145888 · protein coding · Open Targets profile
Subunit of heteromeric glycine-gated chloride channels (PubMed:14551753, PubMed:23994010, PubMed:25730860, PubMed:37821459). Plays an important role in the down-regulation of neuronal excitability (PubMed:8298642, PubMed:9009272). Contributes to the generation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (PubMed:25445488). Channel activity is potentiated by ethanol (PubMed:25973519). Potentiation of channel activity by intoxicating levels of ethanol contribute to the sedative effects of ethanol (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q64018, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14551753, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16144831, ECO:0000269|PubMed:2155780, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22715885, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22973015, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23994010, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25445488, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25730860, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25973519, ECO:0000269|PubMed:7920629, ECO:0000269|PubMed:7925268, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9009272, ECO:0000305|PubMed:8298642}.
Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.
Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.
Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Tractability
- Small molecule
- Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, Druggable Family
- Antibody
- UniProt loc high conf, GO CC high conf, UniProt loc med conf, UniProt SigP or TMHMM
- PROTAC
- Small Molecule Binder
gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.7662500143051147 (upper bound 1.0080000162124634). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.
Who runs trials of these drugs
Principal investigators and study chairs on 400 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against GLRA1 (enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.
- Matthieu JabaudonUniversity Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand · 3 of 3 trials Phase 2+
- Lora PenchevaUniversity of Alberta · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Peter SackeySedana Medical · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Rakesh V SondekoppamUniversity of Alberta · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Timur JP ÖzelselUniversity of Alberta · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Vivian HY IpUniversity of Alberta · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Giovanni LandoniSan Raffaele Scientific Institute · 1 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Sébastien PERBETUniversity Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand · 1 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Valery LikhvantsevNegovsky Reanimatology Research Institute · 1 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Adeel RiazSahiwal Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Ahmed ElhaddadFaculty of medicins,Cairo university · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Ahmed M ShaatDamanhour Teaching Hospital · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Ahmet YUKSEKKocaeli City Hospital · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Alberto ZangrilloUniversità Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italia e Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milano, Italia · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Alexandre ConiaHOSPITAL, CHARTRES · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
Registry trials of enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 359 of 366 have all sites in one country.
Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 34 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.
84 trials of drugs against GLRA1 were stopped early; 6 give no reason
Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 84.
- terminated · 2026-11-10 · Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute · Sevoflurane“Financial problems”
- terminated · 2026-10-23 · Ciusss de L'Est de l'Île de Montréal · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Recruitment was too slow and difficult, we decided to prioritize other protocols that seem more clinically relevant”
- withdrawn · 2026-08-21 · The University of Hong Kong · Sevoflurane“The study was never initiated, and a decision has been made to terminate it.”
- withdrawn · 2026-06-30 · Jacques E. Chelly · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Study did not receive funding.”
- withdrawn · 2026-03-05 · The Cleveland Clinic · Desflurane, Isoflurane“Study Sponsor Decision”
- terminated · 2026-02-10 · University Hospital, Rouen · Prolonged sedation with isoflurane“COVID epidemic and sedation practices that have completely changed: the standard sedative is now propofol rather than midazolam.”
- terminated · 2025-03-24 · Emory University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The study activities were suspended due to COVID-19, and the interim analysis did not yield positive results once resumed.”
- terminated · 2025-03-14 · Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Australia · Sevoflurane“Not meeting recruitment timelines”
- withdrawn · 2025-02-05 · Kocaeli City Hospital · Sevoflurane Group, Desflurane Group“Terminated due to lack of financial support.”
- withdrawn · 2025-01-03 · University of Iowa · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“PI moved to another institution”
- terminated · 2024-08-28 · The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston · Sevoflurane“due to covid-19 we were not on track with enrollment rate”
- withdrawn · 2024-06-20 · The Cleveland Clinic · matched by the registry's drug synonymsNo reason given
- withdrawn · 2024-06-06 · University of Alberta · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“COVID-19 Pandemic”
- terminated · 2024-06-06 · University of Alberta · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“COVID-19 Pandemic”
- withdrawn · 2024-05-07 · The Cleveland Clinic · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Study was terminated per Principal Investigator decision.”
- withdrawn · 2024-04-18 · University Hospital, Geneva · Sevoflurane“Principal investigator left the institution”
- terminated · 2024-03-19 · Jan Jakobsson · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Two of the sites withdraw, did not have capacity to recruit patients”
- withdrawn · 2023-12-21 · Tata Memorial Centre · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Funding could not be arranged, so the study was prematurely terminated”
- terminated · 2023-12-19 · University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand · Deep sedation by Sevoflurane on the Morphotype of ARDS in ICU patieNts“Recruitment difficulties”
- withdrawn · 2023-11-15 · The Cleveland Clinic · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“no enrollment”
- terminated · 2023-10-17 · University of Missouri-Columbia · sevoflurane“Limited availability of subjects meeting inclusion criteria resulting in early termination (lack of funding) before meeting target enrollment.”
- withdrawn · 2023-07-19 · Gangnam Severance Hospital · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“participants are no longer being examined or receiving intervention”
- withdrawn · 2023-05-03 · Tokyo Medical and Dental University · Sevoflurane, Desflurane“I retired my post before enrollment”
- terminated · 2023-04-13 · Ochsner Health System · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Difficulty enrolling patients”
- withdrawn · 2023-02-15 · Yeungnam University College of Medicine · Sevoflurane“No participants enrolled”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for GLRA1's drugs
For enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.
- FDA pediatric target list: no · GLRA1 is not on the listRule: Target is on FDA's Pediatric Molecular Target List (relevant targets). Source: FDA Pediatric Molecular Target List (Listed as February 2026 on the FDA Pediatric Oncology page; the file served is 9.7.22_the_relevant_molecular_target_list.xlsx, whose Summary of Changes sheet is headed 'SEPTEMBER 2022 UPDATE' (footnote date 2022-09-01)), 2026-11-11
- EU paediatric investigation plan: yes · EMEA-002320-PIP01-17-M03 (Isoflurane, Sedation of mechanically ventilated patients): PM: decision on the application for modification of an agreed PIP, 31 Jan 2023Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA EMEA-002320-PIP01-17-M03, 2026-11-11
- EU orphan designation: no · No EU orphan designation names enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevofluraneRule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- Authorised in the EU: no · EMA lists no centrally authorised medicine of enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevofluraneRule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the linkRule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
- FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevofluraneRule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-12
- Registered studies open to children: yes · 328 interventional studies of enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane include patients under 18; 42 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or activeRule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-12
Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs
All 6 drugs and clinical candidates as a table
Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.
| Drug | Type | Highest stage | Indications | Source records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ENFLURANE | Small molecule | approval | septic shock, Sepsis | Open Targets · ChEMBL |
| HALOTHANE | Small molecule | approval | septic shock, Sepsis | Open Targets · ChEMBL |
| ISOFLURANE | Small molecule | phase 4 | kidney injury, Hydrocephalus, delirium, sedation, mitral valve disorder, aortic valve disorder, acute respiratory distress syndrome, major depressive disorder, +19 more | Open Targets · ChEMBL |
| DESFLURANE | Small molecule | phase 4 | Intellectual disability, delirium, cognitive disorder, septic shock, Sepsis, asthma, chronic kidney disease, stage 5 chronic kidney disease, +18 more | Open Targets · ChEMBL |
| SEVOFLURANE | Small molecule | phase 4 | endometrial cancer, myocardial infarction, delirium, sedation, Inguinal hernia, neurodevelopmental disorder, Pain, acute respiratory distress syndrome, +83 more | Open Targets · ChEMBL |
| METHOXYFLURANE | Small molecule | withdrawal | Pain, Fever, anxiety | Open Targets · ChEMBL |