SLC6A3 solute carrier family 6 member 3
ENSG00000142319 · protein coding · Open Targets profile
Mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of dopamine (PubMed:10375632, PubMed:11093780, PubMed:1406597, PubMed:15505207, PubMed:19478460, PubMed:39112701, PubMed:39112703, PubMed:39112705, PubMed:8302271). Also mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) (By similarity). Regulator of light-dependent retinal hyaloid vessel regression, downstream of OPN5 signaling (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P23977, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q61327, ECO:0000269|PubMed:10375632, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11093780, ECO:0000269|PubMed:1406597, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15505207, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19478460, ECO:0000269|PubMed:39112701, ECO:0000269|PubMed:39112703, ECO:0000269|PubMed:39112705, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8302271}.
Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.
Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.
Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Tractability
- Small molecule
- Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, Druggable Family
- Antibody
- UniProt loc high conf, GO CC high conf, UniProt SigP or TMHMM
- PROTAC
- Database Ubiquitination, Small Molecule Binder
gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.26973000168800354 (upper bound 0.3957799971103668). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.
Who runs trials of these drugs
Principal investigators and study chairs on 372 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against SLC6A3 (phenmetrazine, methamphetamine, phendimetrazine, dasotraline, dextroamphetamine saccharate, mazindol, serdexmethylphenidate chloride, dexmethylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, bupropion, methylphenidate, modafinil), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.
- Carlos M GriloYale University · 6 of 6 trials Phase 2+
- Ann ChildressPrincipal Investigator · 4 of 4 trials Phase 2+
- Sriram YennuM.D. Anderson Cancer Center · 4 of 4 trials Phase 2+
- Madhukar TrivediUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center · 3 of 4 trials Phase 2+
- Manish JhaUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center · 3 of 3 trials Phase 2+
- Heather WebberThe University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston · 2 of 3 trials Phase 2+
- Matt BramsCingulate · 2 of 3 trials Phase 2+
- Avi AvitalUniversity of Haifa · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Bartolome BurgueraThe Cleveland Clinic · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Caroline DemroUniversity of Minnesota Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Christina BarkauskasDuke Clinical Research Institute · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- David DevosService de Neurologie, Clinique Neurologique, EA 2683, IFR 114, IMPRT · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Didier Jutras-AswadCHUM · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- E. Jennifer EdelmanYale University · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
- Jeffrey NewcornIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai · 2 of 2 trials Phase 2+
Registry trials of phenmetrazine, methamphetamine, phendimetrazine, dasotraline, dextroamphetamine saccharate, mazindol, serdexmethylphenidate chloride, dexmethylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, bupropion, methylphenidate, modafinil updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 341 of 352 have all sites in one country.
Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 20 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.
168 trials of drugs against SLC6A3 were stopped early; 22 give no reason
Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of phenmetrazine, methamphetamine, phendimetrazine, dasotraline, dextroamphetamine saccharate, mazindol, serdexmethylphenidate chloride, dexmethylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, bupropion, methylphenidate, modafinil, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 168.
- terminated · 2026-11-05 · Dr. Inge Winter · Bupropion“The site in Israel stopped recruitment due to logistic reasons. Other sites are recruiting for 2023-506602-39-00, 2023-506605-19-00, 2023-506617-21-00.”
- withdrawn · 2026-09-18 · Queen's Medical Center · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The study never commenced. The funding went through as year 2 for NCT06532370”
- withdrawn · 2026-07-07 · Mayo Clinic · Bupropion 150 mg twice daily“Unable to recruit eligible participants.”
- terminated · 2026-06-25 · Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. · AXS-05 (dextromethorphan-bupropion)“Study AXS-05-AD-305 was terminated due to completion of overall program objectives.”
- terminated · 2026-05-12 · University of Wisconsin, Madison · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“due to sponsor financial constraints”
- suspended · 2026-05-05 · Cingulate Therapeutics · CTx-1301 - Dexmethylphenidate 6.25mg, CTx-1301 - Dexmethylphenidate 12.5mg, CTx-1301 - Dexmethylphenidate 18.75mg, CTx-1301 - Dexmethylphenidate 25.0mg, CTx-1301 - Dexmethylphenidate 31.25mg, CTx-1301 - Dexmethylphenidate 37.5mg“Continuation of the study is not required for NDA submission via the 505(b)(2) pathway”
- terminated · 2026-02-27 · Luzerner Kantonsspital · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The study is being terminated prematurely due to insufficient participant recruitment.”
- terminated · 2026-01-28 · Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. · AXS-05 (dextromethorphan-bupropion)“This study was terminated once overall program objectives were met.”
- terminated · 2025-11-06 · Ironshore Pharmaceuticals and Development, Inc · HLD200 methylphenidate hydrochloride capsules“FDA release from this PMR study due to their required class-labeling, with a limitation of use for all ER stimulants in pediatric patients under 6 years of age, based on results from studies with other ER stimulants in this age group.”
- terminated · 2025-09-16 · The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston · Bupropion“Unable to recruit eligible participants and expiration of study medication.”
- withdrawn · 2025-08-07 · Florida International University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Death of PI”
- terminated · 2025-05-15 · University of British Columbia · Bupropion XL“Recruitment was stopped before the planned sample size was reached owing to the Covid-19 pandemic and expiration of funding.”
- terminated · 2025-04-29 · The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Lack of enrollment”
- withdrawn · 2025-04-27 · Janssen-Cilag International NV · Bupropion“New design was developed to better fit company strategy, a new study has replaced 5413541TRD3011 study”
- terminated · 2025-03-21 · Madhukar H. Trivedi, MD · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Side effects of medication”
- withdrawn · 2025-02-14 · University of California, Los Angeles · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Conducted an interim analysis on similar data”
- withdrawn · 2024-10-24 · Stephen Ruedrich · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Not funded”
- terminated · 2024-10-04 · InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Interim analysis concluded planned study numbers combined with participant dropout rates were insufficient to meet primary endpoint.”
- withdrawn · 2024-09-23 · University of Nebraska · Methylphenidate“No Subjects enrolled”
- terminated · 2024-09-19 · The Cleveland Clinic · naltrexone/bupropion extended-release“After an unplanned yet IRB approved interim analysis, it was found that there was not a significant difference between the 3 arms of the study. The study was closed due to futility. All Patients are off study and this study will not resume.”
- terminated · 2024-07-15 · Weizmann Institute of Science · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Professor Assaf Tal left Weizmann Institute”
- terminated · 2024-05-08 · University of California, Los Angeles · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Global pandemic”
- withdrawn · 2024-04-24 · National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“No enrollment, delay with drug availability.”
- withdrawn · 2024-03-15 · Johns Hopkins University · Methylphenidate“Study withdrawn in IRB by PI”
- terminated · 2023-11-18 · InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Sponsor decision based on slower than anticipated enrollment leading to fund exhaustion.”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for SLC6A3's drugs
For phenmetrazine, methamphetamine, phendimetrazine, dasotraline, dextroamphetamine saccharate, mazindol, serdexmethylphenidate chloride, dexmethylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, bupropion, methylphenidate, modafinil: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.
- FDA pediatric target list: no · SLC6A3 is not on the listRule: Target is on FDA's Pediatric Molecular Target List (relevant targets). Source: FDA Pediatric Molecular Target List (Listed as February 2026 on the FDA Pediatric Oncology page; the file served is 9.7.22_the_relevant_molecular_target_list.xlsx, whose Summary of Changes sheet is headed 'SEPTEMBER 2022 UPDATE' (footnote date 2022-09-01)), 2026-11-11
- EU paediatric investigation plan: yes · EMEA-001373-PIP01-12-M06 (bupropion hydrochloride;naltrexone hydrochloride, Treatment of obesity): PM: decision on the application for modification of an agreed PIP, 16 Aug 2024; EMEA-003189-PIP01-22-M01 (Methylphenidate (hydrochloride), Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)): PM: decision on the application for modification of an agreed PIP, 24 Jan 2023; compliance positive 2 Feb 2023; EMEA-002034-PIP01-16 (Methylphenidate (hydrochloride), Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 16 Mar 2017Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- EU orphan designation: yes · EU/3/22/2676 positive 10 Aug 2022: Treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia; EU/3/15/1547 positive 9 Oct 2015: Treatment of narcolepsy; EU/3/15/1444 withdrawn 12 Feb 2015: Treatment of narcolepsyRule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- Authorised in the EU: yes · Mysimba: authorised since 26 Mar 2015; Tuzulby: authorised since 28 Feb 2025Rule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the linkRule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
- FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of phenmetrazine, methamphetamine, phendimetrazine, dasotraline, dextroamphetamine saccharate, mazindol, serdexmethylphenidate chloride, dexmethylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, bupropion, methylphenidate, modafinilRule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-11
- Registered studies open to children: yes · 319 interventional studies of phenmetrazine, methamphetamine, phendimetrazine, dasotraline, dextroamphetamine saccharate, mazindol, serdexmethylphenidate chloride, dexmethylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, bupropion, methylphenidate, modafinil include patients under 18; 30 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or activeRule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-11
Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs
All 41 drugs and clinical candidates as a table
Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.