CACNA1D calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D
ENSG00000157388 · protein coding · Open Targets profile
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1D gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, and by benzothiazepines. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21131953, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23913001, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25620733, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28472301}.
Each band is a group of drugs. It runs from the kind of drug on the left to the furthest stage that drug has reached in any disease on the right. Thicker bands mean more drugs.
Approved bands are highlighted. Withdrawn means the drug was pulled from the market or from development. A combined phase counts as the later one (Phase 1/2 is shown as Phase 2). Hover a band for the drug names. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Each row is a cancer, strongest overall evidence first. The two dots show how strong the inherited (germline) and tumour-mutation (somatic) evidence is; the line between them is the gap.
Scores run from 0 (no evidence) to 1 (strongest). A missing dot at 0 means Open Targets holds no evidence of that kind. Source: Open Targets Platform, fetched live.
Tractability
- Small molecule
- Approved Drug, Structure with Ligand, High-Quality Ligand, Druggable Family
- Antibody
- GO CC high conf, UniProt SigP or TMHMM
- PROTAC
- Small Molecule Binder
gnomAD loss of function constraint: o/e 0.21389000117778778 (upper bound 0.26774999499320984). Low values mean loss of function is poorly tolerated, a safety flag for inhibition.
Who runs trials of these drugs
Principal investigators and study chairs on 97 registry trials, updated in the last three years, of the most advanced drugs against CACNA1D (isradipine, cinnarizine, verapamil, nicardipine, barnidipine, levamlodipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, lacidipine, phloroglucinol, nilvadipine, dronedarone), ranked by Phase 2+ trials. Live from ClinicalTrials.gov.
- Adem AzHaseki Training and Research Hospital · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Alberto PuglieseCity of Hope Medical Center · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Alfonso GalderisiAPHP · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Aliya AkhtarNishtar Medical University · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Andrea NataleTexas Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Foundation · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Antoinette MoranUniversity of Minnesota · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Dayan ColinCardiff University · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Fahim EbrahimiUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Götz ThomallaUniversitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Gregory ForlenzaBarbara Davis Center · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Hafiz Abdul Manan ShahidPunjab Institute of Cardiology · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Hamid R DjalilianUniveristy of California, Irvine · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- James E IpWeill Medical College of Cornell University · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Jean-Claude CarelAPHP - hôpital Robert Debré - Paris · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
- Jonathan P PicciniDuke Clinical Research Organization · 1 of 1 trials Phase 2+
Registry trials of isradipine, cinnarizine, verapamil, nicardipine, barnidipine, levamlodipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, lacidipine, phloroglucinol, nilvadipine, dronedarone updated in the last three years, counted by the country group of their listed sites. A trial with sites in several groups counts in each; 83 of 88 have all sites in one country.
Site counts are not patients per country, and trials registered only outside ClinicalTrials.gov are not covered. Where sites are is a fact about the record, not a judgement of its quality. Europe is the EU and EEA, the UK and Switzerland. 9 trials list no sites and are left out. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, fetched live.
35 trials of drugs against CACNA1D were stopped early; 4 give no reason
Terminated, withdrawn and suspended interventional trials of isradipine, cinnarizine, verapamil, nicardipine, barnidipine, levamlodipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, lacidipine, phloroglucinol, nilvadipine, dronedarone, newest update first, live from ClinicalTrials.gov. Each reason is quoted exactly as the registry gives it; we do not sort reasons into safety, efficacy or business. Dates are the last registry update. Showing the 25 most recent of 35.
- suspended · 2026-10-27 · University of California, Irvine · Verapamil“Enrollment temporarily paused pending IRB continuing review; recruitment expected to resume.”
- terminated · 2026-09-24 · HB BioTech, LLC · Verapamil Only Product in Oral Dose Form“Decision to terminate study due to a lack of efficacy in this study population. There were no safety concerns identified that contributed to this decision.”
- terminated · 2025-10-30 · Tulane University School of Medicine · dronedarone 400 mg Oral Tablet“Sponsor withdrew funding”
- terminated · 2025-05-11 · Peng Roc Chen, MD · Nicardipine, Verapamil, Nicardipine + Verapamil + Nitroglycerin“Slow enrollment”
- terminated · 2025-02-06 · Atrial Fibrillation Network · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“following a recommendation from the data safety and monitoring board due to safety concerns and a tendency towards futility.”
- withdrawn · 2024-10-24 · Stephen Ruedrich · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Not funded”
- withdrawn · 2024-04-26 · Thomas Jefferson University · Nicardipine“This study was planned, but recruitment and enrollment never began.”
- withdrawn · 2022-07-27 · EMS · Levamlodipine 2.5/ 5 mg“Sponsor decision”
- withdrawn · 2021-12-15 · Boston University · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“The study was not IRB approved and there were anticipated challenges in recruiting participants.”
- terminated · 2021-03-22 · Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust · Nicardipine Hydrochloride, Verapamil Hydrochloride“Unable to recruit in time before end of PhD studentship”
- terminated · 2021-02-03 · Arthrex, Inc. · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Eclipse Shoulder System received 510(k) clearance on July 26, 2019.”
- terminated · 2020-08-25 · University Hospital, Strasbourg, France · Nicardipine“no candidats”
- suspended · 2020-06-30 · National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Challenges with funding and very low incidence of COVID-19 at Irish study site”
- withdrawn · 2019-09-18 · Johns Hopkins University · Verapamil ER“Failure to recruit patients meeting inclusion criteria.”
- terminated · 2019-07-23 · Benjamin Bleier · Verapamil Hydrochloride Intranasal“Phase II funding not available”
- terminated · 2018-06-14 · Benjamin Bleier · Verapamil HCl“Evidence that the dose is insufficient.”
- terminated · 2018-04-11 · Center Laboratories, Inc. · R-verapamil 75 mg tabletNo reason given
- terminated · 2017-04-25 · University of Minnesota · Intravenous nicardipine hydrochloride“Planned interim analysis: no significant outcome differences between groups”
- terminated · 2017-04-20 · Massachusetts General Hospital · Isradipine“Lack of Enrollment”
- terminated · 2017-01-06 · Corewell Health East · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“lack of enrollment”
- withdrawn · 2016-09-23 · Justin Fraser · Verapamil and Citicoline“Study put on clinical hold by FDA. Sponsor decided to no pursue the study.”
- terminated · 2015-06-10 · The University of Western Australia · Verapamil“Objective of study achieved after interim analysis.”
- withdrawn · 2015-01-08 · University of Michigan · matched by the registry's drug synonyms“Funding withdrawn. Design not feasible.”
- terminated · 2014-09-05 · Calosyn Pharma, Inc. · Verapamil“Sponsor decision to terminate study”
- terminated · 2014-08-29 · University of Florida · Nicardipine hydrochloride“Unable to secure drug.”
Paediatric incentives and obligations for CACNA1D's drugs
For isradipine, cinnarizine, verapamil, nicardipine, barnidipine, levamlodipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, lacidipine, phloroglucinol, nilvadipine, dronedarone: what EMA and FDA publish about paediatric plans, orphan status and pediatric approvals, and how many registered studies take children. Each line is a yes, no or not published fact from the record linked under it; none of it is a forecast.
- FDA pediatric target list: no · CACNA1D is not on the listRule: Target is on FDA's Pediatric Molecular Target List (relevant targets). Source: FDA Pediatric Molecular Target List (Listed as February 2026 on the FDA Pediatric Oncology page; the file served is 9.7.22_the_relevant_molecular_target_list.xlsx, whose Summary of Changes sheet is headed 'SEPTEMBER 2022 UPDATE' (footnote date 2022-09-01)), 2026-11-11
- EU paediatric investigation plan: yes · EMEA-002276-PIP01-17 (verapamil;trandolapril, Treatment of hypertension): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 15 Jun 2018; EMEA-001726-PIP01-14 (ranolazine;dronedarone, Treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias): W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications, 5 Jun 2015Rule: An EMA PIP decision (agreement, modification or waiver) lists the drug as its active substance, exact name. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- EU orphan designation: yes · EU/3/19/2240 positive 9 Jan 2020: Treatment of non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhageRule: An EU orphan designation lists the drug as its active substance (exact name) or belongs to a medicine that does; withdrawn and expired designations are listed with their status. Source: EMA EU/3/19/2240, 2026-11-11
- Authorised in the EU: yes · Multaq: authorised since 25 Nov 2009; Multaq: application withdrawnRule: An EMA medicine record lists the drug as its active substance or INN, exact name; national-only authorisations are not in this file. Source: EMA data download (dated snapshot), 2026-11-11
- FDA orphan designation: not published · FDA's orphan designation database turns away automated requests, so this app does not read it; search it by hand at the linkRule: Would be: an FDA orphan designation names the drug. Source: FDA orphan designations search
- FDA pediatric oncology approval: no · FDA's table lists no pediatric approval of isradipine, cinnarizine, verapamil, nicardipine, barnidipine, levamlodipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, lacidipine, phloroglucinol, nilvadipine, dronedaroneRule: FDA's Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals table names the drug. Source: FDA Pediatric Oncology Drug Approvals (content current as of 2026-03-03), 2026-11-12
- Registered studies open to children: yes · 21 interventional studies of isradipine, cinnarizine, verapamil, nicardipine, barnidipine, levamlodipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, lacidipine, phloroglucinol, nilvadipine, dronedarone include patients under 18; 7 are recruiting, not yet recruiting or activeRule: The registry's age group includes Child (birth to 17 years), which also counts studies that set no minimum age. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov search, 2026-11-12
Rare pediatric disease voucher. FDA, content current as of 29 Apr 2026: “As of February 3, 2026, enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, the rare pediatric disease PRV program will sunset after September 30, 2029. FDA may not award any PRVs under this program after September 30, 2029.” Voucher sale prices are not shown here; they appear only as company-reported news. FDA: Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Voucher Programs
All 41 drugs and clinical candidates as a table
Each drug, stage and indication links to its Open Targets record, where the trials and approvals behind it are listed. Salt forms (for example a mesylate) are listed as Open Targets records them, as separate entries.